1. Brief Response
What were reasons New Imperialists had for taking over foreign lands and denying the freedom of hundreds of millions of people there?
Religion
Racism (Social Darwinism)
Resources
Foreign markets
Technology
Strategic advantage over other imperialists
Prestige over other imperialists

2. Africa at the beginning of Imperialist Takeover

3. Why Africa? Africa was the last region taken over by Europeans.
European takeover was swift and frenzied.
It had many resources Europeans needed and wanted.
Though the slave trade was ended, Africans were seen as a cheap source of agricultural and mineral labor.
European colonists took the best lands, protected by European/European-controlled armies
Europeans did not care about the rights of non-White colonials (Africans, in this case).

4. WEST AFRICA Usman dan Fodio:
Islamic leader of a religious revival in West Africa.
He spoke out against corrupt leaders in Nigeria, who, he felt, were not obeying Shari’a Law (Law according to the Koran and teachings of Muhammad).
He called for uprising against the Hausa leadership and the Europeans.
He and his followers set up a successful and peaceful Muslim state in northern Nigeria.

5. SOUTHERN AFRICA
Most people were farmers or herdsmen and lived in small loosely dependent communities.
That changed in the 1800s.
Shaka:
in the early 1800s, he united the Zulu people and made violent wars to subjugate neighboring peoples.
Intermarriage brought the people closer together in Shaka’s empire, but others fled to other lands.

6. One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..
David Livingstone:
A well respected explorer, doctor, and missionary who had “disappeared” in the Congo region.
He had been busy protecting the people there from slavery.
He worked to make their lives better, but respected their cultures.
Europe and America asked, “what happened to Livingstone?”
A statue of David Livingstone in Zambia.

7. One major event stimulated great interest in sub-Saharan Africa…..
Henry Stanley:
American journalist sent by his paper to find Livingstone.
After two years, he found him.
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
He also documented and mapped the places and people he saw.

8. King Leopold II: Belgian king in the mid 1800s.
He personally took control of the Congo area of central Africa, to grow rubber trees from Asia.
He hired Henry Stanley to explore it and later run it.
Also found copper and ivory
his administration’s brutal mistreatment of Africans there earned world criticism.
Arrests, beatings, mutilations, and executions of those who did not work or pay taxes.
Western political cartoon criticizing Leopold’s greedy and brutal treatment of Congolese.

9. Boer War:
Late 1800s.
Britain pursued the Boer into northern South Africa,
taking control of their lands and
subjecting them to British laws protecting black Africans.
The Boer rebelled and fought a guerrilla war.
Though they were effective, they lost after three years.
Britain learned to use camouflage and guerrilla tactics from the Boer.
This would change modern warfare, but not immediately.

10. Samori Toure: Algeria Resistance opposed French in West Africa
Algerians futilely resisted France.

11. Resistance Yaa Asantewaa:
Asante Queen who continued her husband’s war against the British.
Nehanda:
Woman leader of the Shona resistance against the British in Zimbabwe.
She was captured and executed.
She is remembered as a symbol against White Rule in southern Africa.

12. Menelik II: united Ethiopia in the late 1800s.
He used European advisers to develop his lands, military, and education system.
His European-trained and equipped army was able to defeat an Italian invasion.

13. Collaboration or Resistance?
Elite:
upper class; usually powerful leaders of traditional societies.
African leaders who cooperated (collaborators) were rewarded by the imperialists with power, land, and honor:
Learned European ways
Rejected traditional ways
As in all lands around the world conquered by Europeans, those who served the Europeans were given more privileges.
Others led resistance movements and criticized the Imperialist as immoral invaders.

14. homework
Make sure Gandhi DVD is queued up

15. Standards Check, p. 291: Question: In Muslim North Africa:
The Ottoman empire was declining
In West Africa:
New Muslim leaders and strong kingdoms like the Asante
In East Africa:
The slave trade continued to the East.
In South Africa:
Zulus and Boers battled for control.

16. Image, p. 291
Question:
Because of his powerful army

17. STIMULATING INTEREST
EC: Europeans were attracted to Africa by the written accounts they read and heard from several groups: (3)
Explorers
Mungo Park and Richard Burton toured and mapped the Niger, Nile, and Congo Rivers
Missionaries
Christians of all kinds
set up:
Schools
Churches
Medical clinics
Fought the slave trade
Adventure writers
Wrote novels and pulp stories about heroes in “darkest Africa”.
Many had never been to Africa.

18. Standards Check, p. 292 Question:
Medical advances and steamships allowed explorers and missionaries to push deep into Africa.

19. Paternalism: "The White Man's Burden“ -- Rudyard Kipling
Imperialist attitude that it was the duty of the superior White race to guide and protect the “childish”, “savage”, lesser, “coloured” peoples of the world.
Europeans believed that cultures that did not “westernize” had to be “beaten down” and shown the right way to behave,
just as a father punishes an uncooperative child.

20. Image, p. 292
Question:
They viewed African religions as inferior to Christianity

21. Map, p. 293 2 North and West Africa 3
By 1914, European colonies had spread across most of the continent and very few regions remained independent.

22. EC: Wealth Drives Exploitation
EC: A British fortune-hunter, ____________, dreamed of a personal empire following the Nile from the Mediterranean all the way down to southern Africa.
Cecil Rhodes
His wealth came from discovering and developing gold and diamond mines.
Biography p. 294
He used influence and ideas to promote British control and business there
Had a colony named after him: Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

23. EC: Dutch settlers in southern Africa. Boers--
South Africa…..
EC: Dutch settlers in southern Africa.
Boers--
Farmed, mostly, using Black labor.
Very cruel treatment of local Blacks.
Call themselves Afrikaaners.
Their language is called Afrikaans.

24. Standards Check, p. 295 Question:
By sending explorers to the Congo and trying to establish treaties to dominate trade.

25. Biography, p. 295
Question:
By obtaining and learning how to use Western weapons.

26. Resistance The British were opposed by Zulus in South Africa
EC: ______________ was a great victory for Zulus, mostly because of British overconfidence and foolishness.
Isandlwana
The Zulus were eventually were subdued by superior military technology, and wiser leadership.
Longer version (30 mins)

27. Standards Check, p. 296 Question:
Menelik II modernized and Westernized both his country and army.
Ethiopia was prepared to fight Western troops.
They defeated Italy’s invasion and remained independent.

28. Image, p. 296
Question:
That he may be an official or expert who visited or was educated in Europe.

29. p. 297, thinking critically 1. He appealed to their sense of justice.
He knew he could not win militarily. 2.
His father shows his disagreement by continuing to question why his son did not allow his troops to fight when they were able and ready.

30. Segregation
To keep peace and support of the Boers, Britain made laws separating Blacks from all Whites (segregation).
(Coloureds – included any non-Whites)
Based in law in the southern parts off the United States
“Coloureds” had to have permission to move about South Africa and were harassed by police if they did not.
All colored people had to carry “passbooks”.
Coloreds were not allowed to form political (nationalist) parties.

31. EW Clip: Gandhi—South Africa
Background: Mohandas Gandhi is a middle-class Indian, trained in British law in London.
He is well respected there.
He goes on a case in British South Africa.
He is treated badly according to White segregation laws and rules.
He decides to lead a fight for equal rights for Indians in South Africa.
He uses techniques to show the unfairness of the law to the world.
He is willing to be arrested, beaten, and even killed for his rights.