1. Ancient Greece

2. Greek Geography It is about the size of Louisiana
It’s very close to Egypt, the Persian empire (includes Turkey) and Rome.
Greece is a peninsula surrounded by islands
Peninsula – land surrounded by water on three sides

3. Greek Geography Greece is very mountainous
Greek communities often developed independently and were isolated because of the mountains
As a result, Greek communities were very diverse (different)

4. Impact of Geography City-states developed independently (separately),
having different traditions,
economies, political systems
This independence resulted in rivalry and warfare
Mountains led to isolation, which kept the city-states small
Small city-states resulted in more people being involved in government

5. Technology results from necessity
Technology - using knowledge to make tools or materials to produce goods and services
Because Greek coastal cities were sandwiched between the ocean and the sea, they developed an awesome navy for trading and fighting.
Trade and colonization of nearby islands resulted.

6. THE MINOANS Minoans-early civilization on island of Crete
Success was based on trade
the first Greek-speaking people of whom we have a written record.
By 1400 BC Minoan civilization disappears
May have been a natural disaster
Invaders probably played a role
These invaders were Mycenaeans

7. Mycenaean Society
The Mycenaeans established a society on the Greek peninsula beginning with migrations in 2200 B.C.E.
From 1500 to 1100 B.C.E., they expanded their influence beyond the Greek peninsula, overpowering the Minoan society in Crete

8. Polis = City-State
Greece was divided into city-states, each known as a polis.
Each polis was built around an acropolis, a hill with the temple of the local god at the top.
At the foot of the acropolis was the agora, an open area used as a marketplace.

9. Structure of the Polis
By 700 B.C. this inner part of the polis had become a city.
With the villages and farmland around it, it made up a city-state.
The ancient Greek city-states never united because the mountains made travel difficult.
The two main city-states were Athens and Sparta.

10. Architecture
Architecture – the designing of buildings, furnishings, and other artificial constructions
The architecture of ancient Greece is the basis for virtually all Western architectural developments

11. Influence of Greek Architecture
The Parthenon
The Lincoln Memorial

12. Architecture The Acropolis: Parthenon

13. Greek Government
Kings (tyrants) ruled the city-states of early Greece.
Later each city-state developed its own form of government.
In some city-states the aristocracy shared authority with the king.
In other city-states democracies were formed and male citizens took part in assemblies to make laws.
Why did different city-states form different types of government?

14. Athens
Athenians were encouraged to engage in activities like art, philosophy, music (education).

15. Athens Athens was the first democracy.
Democracy: type of government ruled by the people
Athens was a direct democracy where people voted on everything.
Citizens were encouraged to participate in government.
The U.S. today is a representative (indirect) democracy, where we vote for people to make decisions for us.

16. Athenian Democracy
Direct participation was the key to Athenian democracy.
In the Assembly, every male citizen was not only entitled to attend assemblies as often as he pleased but also had the right to debate, offer amendments, and vote on proposals.
Every man had a say in whether to declare war or peace.
Basically any thing that required a government decision, all male citizens were allowed to participate in.

17. This is Sparta! No really…it’s in ruins
Sparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens.
Sparta was an oligarchy, government ruled by a few. They had 2 kings.
During the Peloponnesian War Sparta sacked Athens.

18. Sparta Spartan society was obsessed with war.
Boys were sent to military school at a young age.
Boys who are born deformed are left to die on mountainsides

19. Sparta: Society Even today, “spartan” means - Practicing great control
In theory, all Spartans citizens were equal
To discourage economic and social classes, Spartans practiced a simple, plain lifestyle
No jewelry, elaborate clothes, luxuries, or accumulation of great private wealth
Even today, “spartan” means
- Practicing great control
- Unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment
- Resolute in the face of pain or danger or adversity

20. Sparta: Society
Class distinctions based not on wealth or social status, but on prowess, discipline, and military talent
Spartan educational system cultivated this idea:
Boys left their homes at age seven to live in military barracks under a rigorous regime of physical training
At age 20 they went into the military where they served until retirement

21. Sparta: Society
Women married at age 18 or 20 but did not live with their husbands
The men stayed in the barracks until about age 30 when they began to set up households with their wives and children
Women maintained strict physical regimes in the hopes of bearing strong children

22. Spartan Government
Sparta had 2 kings - oligarchy
Kings had little authority except in war
Each king was part of a 30 member senate (all 60 years or older)
All male citizens were allowed to participate in the assembly
5 wealthy landowners were elected to handle daily governing (euphors)

23. The Persian Wars
Persian leader Darius I upset at Athens sends ships to invade Greece at Marathon
Greece defeats the larger Persian force but decides to build a fleet of ships after the victory
480 B.C. Darius I son Xerxes leads a massive force to try and conquer Greece

25. Persian Wars
This time Athens persuades other city-states to help in the cause
Sparta sends troops to intercept at Thermoplyae
Xerxes reaches Athens and burns it to the ground…
Athens trapped Xerxes fleet into the harbor of Salamis
Athens wins the Persian War

26. BATTLE FORMATION
Greeks used the phalanx formation in battle to protect themselves and strike opponents easily

27. The Peloponnesian War The Golden Age of Athens Delian League
Sparta grows tired of Athenian dominance
Athens vs. Sparta
Athens has geographical disadvantage because of their reliance on their Navy

28. Review – Venn Diagram
Athens
Sparta

29. Review – Venn Diagram Athens Sparta Limited Democracy
Outlawed debt slavery
Allowed grants of citizenship to some foreigners
Merchants and Farmers
Traded with other city-states
Boys received education if their families could not afford it
Education included many areas of knowledge
Monarchy with two kings
Military society
Boys trained to be soilders
Women could inherit property
Conqured people became state-owned slaves (POWs)
Only native-born Spartan males could be citizens
Looked down on trade
Isolated itself from other city-states
Athens
Sparta

30. Athens/Sparta Similarities
Common language
Shared religious beliefs
Sense of superiority over non-Greeks

31. Peloponnesian War
Athens is unable to overcome the Spartan’s superior army
The greatest Athenian leader, Perecles will help hold off Sparta for many years by building a great wall to keep Sparta out
In the end a plague (possibly the black plague) swept through Athens killing as much as 50% of the population, after this Sparta sacked Athens
The result of this was a very weakened Greece that was now open for invasion.

32. Socrates No personal writings
His student Plato wrote about Socrates’ teachings
He believed the goal of education was to improve the individual, so accepted no pay
Socratic method still used today – a Question/Answer format
Believed real knowledge already within us
“The unexamined life is not worth living” – Socrates
He questioned authority – in conflict with government and was forced to drink hemlock, a poison (death sentence)

33. Plato Student of Socrates
Plato wrote a lot about the question of reality
He wrote The Republic
Examined his distrust of democracy
A just life means philosophers become kings, the warriors protect the people, the masses were the producers
Believed men and women were equal

34. Aristotle Student of Plato Established a school called the Academy
Believed observation and investigation is key
People should analyze existing governments to find best one
Wrote Politics and discussed the best forms of government as monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government (his favorite)

35. Greek Writing
Homer
Wrote epics: a long poem which tells a story involving gods, heroes, and heroic exploits
Iliad: Greek perspective on the war against Troy in the 12th Century B.C.
Odyssey: Experiences of the Greek hero Odysseus as he sailed home after the Trojan War
Depicted not just heroic adventures but also much about Greek travel, communication, and interaction in the Mediterranean basin

36. Greek Writing Herodotus (484-420 B.C.) The “Father of History”
Not the world’s first historian, but the first to make investigation the key to history
Traveled to where the event occurred and interviewed witnesses
Established the concept that history requires research
The Histories chronicles Greece’s war with Persia

37. Greek Decline
The Greeks began to lose their sense of community and fought with one another.
In 338 B.C. Philip II of Macedonia north of Greece (Alexander the Great’s father) conquered Greece.

38. Ancient Persia

39. Persian Empire Politics: “King of Kings” & satraps
Economics: trade, tribute, taxes
Military: 10,000 Immortals
Religion: Zoroastrianism
Often seen through Greek eyes….

40. Persian Empire (ancient)

41. “King of Kings” Cyrus (559-530 BC) Cambyses (530-525 BC)
Darius ( BC)
Xerxes ( BC)
King Darius

42. “King of Kings”

44. Persepolis Persepolis
Darius I began the elaborate citadel; his son, Xerxes, continued its construction; and his grandson, Artaxerxes I, completed the magnificent city of Persepolis, which was a confluence of styles--Median, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek. Only portions of the audience hall remain. (George Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.) 44

45. Persian military 10,000 Immortals Meritocracy Very large army
Cataphracts = Persian knight

46. Trade, tribute, & taxes in Persia

47. Persian economy Gold daric & silver shekels standardized Royal Road:
1700 miles from Sardis to Susa
“neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor darkness…” (Herodotus)
International trade

48. Silver rhyton Silver rhyton
This Achaemenid Persian silver rhyton (drinking vessel) is in the shape of a griffin, a mythological animal that is part lion and part eagle. Persian rulers commanded the talents of western Asia's best artists and craftsmen, silversmiths among them. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum) 48

49. Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in Persia approximately 3500 years ago.
For 1000 years Zoroastrianism was one of the most powerful religions in the world. It was the official religion of Persia from 600 BCE to 650 CE.
Zoroastrians believe there is one God called Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord) and He created the world.
Zoroastrians are not fire-worshippers, as some Westerners wrongly believe. Zoroastrians believe that the elements are pure and that fire represents God's light or wisdom.

50. Stone relief of Persian Magi
This stone relief from Dascylium, headquarters of the Persian governor in northwest Anatolia, shows two magi wearing veils over their mouths and holding bundles of sticks used in the ceremony of sacrifice. The Persian kings and their subordinates were Zoroastrians, and it is likely that Zoroastrianism spread to the provinces, where significant numbers of Persians lived, and influenced the beliefs of other peoples. (Archaeological Museums
of Istanbul) 50

51. Zoroastrian Magus

52. End of Greece

53. Phillip II of Macedonia
defeated Athens and its allies gaining control of most of Greece.
greatly respected Greek culture and wanted to preserve it.
after his death, his son Alexander took over at the age of 20.
Alexander dreamed of world conquest.
Alexander was a brilliant military strategist.

54. Alexander conquered the Persian empire and controlled the largest empire the world has ever seen.

55. Alexander the Great His empire was multicultural.
He spread Greek culture.
He built cities that became great
centers of learning.
After his death, his empire
crumbled because his generals
fought for control.

56. Alexander spread Hellenistic culture throughout Asia.
Hellenistic is a fancy word for Greek.
Alexander spread Greek technology and ideas throughout his empire

57. Greek Architecture Greeks invented arches and columns.
This obviously took advanced mathematics.

58. Architecture
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
Used three orders (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) to relate proportionally the individual architectural components to the whole building.

59. Religion
Temple of Apollo
Oracle at Delphi

60. Poseidon: God of Sea and Earthquakes
Greek Religion
Over the centuries, Greeks associated the natural elements to gods; natural occurrences were explained by an act of one of the Gods.
They created myths that related the stories of the gods, their relations with one another, and their roles in bringing the world into its present state
As the gods struggled among one another, Zeus emerged as the ruler
Poseidon: God of Sea and Earthquakes

61. Religion
Zeus’s court included many deities who had various responsibilities
Athena: Wisdom, War
Poseidon: Sea, Earthquakes
Apollo:
Truth, Light, Music, Healing

62. Art and Writing Colossus of Rhodes Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

63. Greek Tragic Drama
Theaters were always outdoors and sat thousands of people
Central character (the tragic hero) suffers some serious misfortune that is logically connected with the hero’s actions (the tragic flaw)
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
Theater at Epidaurus held 14,000 people