1. Modern European Thought 1871 - 1914

2. Charles Lyell
Geology
Principles of Geology

3. Charles Darwin
English naturalist. Established that all species of life have descended over time from a common ancestry Evolution through natural selection The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species

4. Auguste Comte French philosopher – Father of Sociology
Positivism (scientific method is the best approach to discover processes by which both physical and human events occur)
A General View of Positivism

5. Herbert Spencer “survival of the fittest” Social Darwinism
Evolutionary ethics

6. Theodor Herzl Father of modern Zionism
Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State)

7. Pope Pius IX Longest reigning pope in history (32 years)
Convened First Vatican Council (Vatican 1)
Syllabus of Errors – warned all Catholics against everything that spoke of liberalism (ostrich approach to modern science)

8. Leo XIII succeeded Pius IX
Asserted that science and religion could co-exist
Moved the church back in the mainstream of European life
Rerum Novarum – supported rights of labor to form unions, rejected communism & unrestricted capitalism which affirming right to private property

9. Gregor Mendel
Genetics
Experiments on Plant Hybridization

10. Sir James Fraser Social Anthropology
studied mythology and comparative religion
The Golden Bough

11. Louis Pasteur
Conducted experiments that supported the germ theory of diseases
Discovered that heat could destroy many harmful bacteria

12. Marie Curie physicist and chemist famous for work in radioactivity
1st female professor at University of Paris
Only person to win a Nobel prize in two different sciences (physics, chemistry)

13. Ivan Pavlov Russian physiologist Classical conditioning
Behavioral modification
Salivating dogs

14. Max Planck
Founder of the Quantum Theory
won Nobel prize in Physics

15. Albert Einstein Physicist; theory of relativity
Escaped Nazi Germany in 1933
Nobel prize – Physics
Recommended the atomic bomb to FDR

16. Lord Ernest Rutherford
Father of nuclear physics
Nobel prize – Chemistry
"The energy produced by the breaking down of the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine." – 1933

17. Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis Dream interpretation Id, Ego, Superego
Free Association
Psychosexual development
Interpretation of Dreams
Left Austria after the Anschluss for London

18. Friedrich Nietzsche “God is dead” Übermensch
“will to power” – more important than pressure for adaptation or survival
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
The Gay Science

19. Heinrich Schliemann
Archeologist
Excavator of Troy

20. Pablo Picasso
Spanish artist
Cubism

21. Emile Zola
French writer most responsible for the liberation of falsely accused & convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus
J’Accuse

22. Virginia Woolf
English writer, member of Bloomsbury Group (London intellectual writers and artists in early 20th century)
Wrote in “stream of consciousness”
Mrs. Dalloway
To the Lighthouse
A Room of One’s Own

23. Carl Jung
Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology (psychoanalysis)
Said that dreams are the fulfillment of suppressed wishes

24. Max Weber
German sociologist & political economist who influenced field of Sociology
The Protestant Ethic & the Spirit of Capitalism

25. George Bernard Shaw
Irish playwright and co-founder of London School of Economics
Wrote about abuses of the working class
Won Nobel Prize for literature and an Oscar
Pygmalion (later remade as “My Fair Lady”)

26. Ellen Key
Swedish feminist writer on family life, ethics, and education
Believed in a child-centered approach to education
The Century of the Child

27. T.H. Huxley English biologist
Known as “Darwin’s bulldog” for his staunch defense of evolution theory
agnostic

28. Count Arthur de Gobineau
French aristocrat who developed Aryan theory of “master race”
Said Western Civilization’s troubles came from degeneration of Aryan race