1. The Enlightenment

2. LOCKE
Two Treatises of Government
Government: voluntary association of humans acting in their self-interest
Humans are reasonable and cooperative
Power of the legislature: the people
People could overthrow government and replace with better one
HOBBES
Leviathan
All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid humans
Humans: greedy and violent
Power of the executive: the government

3. The Enlightenment
Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs
Science takes its place for the first time

4. The Philosophes Thinkers who advocated reason
Paris: center of the movement
Search for universal laws in human affairs
Scorned superstition, Christianity: Voltaire
Encyclopedia--All human knowledge: Diderot
Deism: God created universe to operate rationally

5. Rousseau Most popular of the Enlightenment
Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equality
Respect for humans in nature: Native Am.
Concept of “general will”
Flaws in society and institution cause social injustice

6. Rococo Style Softer, more delicate style than baroque
Rocaille: shell-like decoration used in gardens.
Art as happy, witty, frivolous, playful

7. The Salons Social gathering: dining, entertainment, conversation
Wealthy women
Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot
Helped finance Encyclopedia
Discussion of ideas and events

8. The Art of Rococo Watteau: Gersaint’s Signboard Fragonard’s The Swing
Vigee-Lebrun: Self-Portrait with Her Daughter (Friend of Marie-Antoinette)

9. Mozart and Opera Independent musician: no patron
Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works: 20 operas and 41 symphonies
Joseph II of Austria sponsored him
Balance of music and drama in opera
The Marriage of Figaro; Don Giovanni; The Magic Flute

10. The Bourgeois Response
Figaro based on a French play.
Condemned aristocratic privilege
Middle class gained influence
Art reflected their moral attitudes

11. The Bourgeois Style in Painting
Greuze: The Bride of the Village
Chardin: Boy Spinning Top
Middle class values

12. The Rise of the Novel Epistolary novels
Novels of manners: Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

13. The Neoclassical Style
Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and Rome

14. Neoclassical Architecture
The Petit Trianon, Versailles
Influence of Palladio
Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France
Monticello in Virginia

15. Neoclassical Painting
Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii
1784: Painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste.
Revolt against rococo
David involved in French Revolution
Lictors Bearing to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons : Civic duty higher than love

16. The Classical Symphony
Order, proportion, harmony
Haydn: Symphony--4 movements--sonata form( three-part structure still used today)
Mozart: ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music

17. The Age of Satire Aims to improve society by humorous criticism
Attacks on social ills

18. Jonathan Swift
A Modest Proposal recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income.
Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoos
Not convinced of human decency

19. Satire and Society in Art
Hogarth’s Marriage a la Mode mocks social climbers and marriage for money
Gainsborough: Mr. and Mrs. Andrews: Vanity of England’s aristocrats

20. Voltaire Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppresion
Candide makes fun of optimists
Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions ;cultivate himself, work hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.