1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS = CELL CONTROL

2. WHY CELL CONTROL
All metabolic reactions are catalyzed by proteins (enzymes), including energy releasing and energy capturing reactions.
Proteins offer structure to cells and organisms, such as the cytoskeleton.

3. DNA has the stored information needed to determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins.
There are 20 different amino acids
Some are positive, negative, polar, neutral… so different aa will attract or repel one another
If you think of the aa as a chain like in the picture above, then imagine that some of those beads like each other, and others repel, then the chain will fold to form a 3D structure. That is the protein

4. Remember DNA is in the nucleus and cant leave – so how does DNA get to the ribosomes?
DNA sends instructions for building proteins to the ribosomes in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA).

5. RNA
What is RNA?
a nucleic acid (a polymer) that is involved in the making of proteins.
Where is RNA?
RNA can be found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm!

6. What are the RNA Monomers?
Single strand of RNA nucleotides
5 carbon sugar called ribose
A phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
Base pairing rules: A- - U ; G---C
DNA
RNA
Structure
Double helix
Single helix
Sugar
Deoxyribose
ribose
Bases
A, T, C, G
A, U, C, G
Location
nucleus
nucleus and cytoplasm

7. Types of RNA

8. 3 Types of RNA that makes proteins
mRNA (messenger RNA): takes a message from DNA (in the nucleus) to ribosome (in the cytoplasm)
rRNA: (ribosomal RNA) – makes up the ribosome—where proteins are made
tRNA: (transfer RNA)- brings the amino acids to the ribosomes

9. How does DNA make proteins?
Production of proteins requires two steps: transcription and translation
Takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm respectively.
We will see mRNA involved in transcription and all 3 RNA involved in translation
The coded message of a gene on DNA has specific instructions on how to make each particular protein that our bodies need
Gene: small segments of DNA that carry instructions for making proteins
Note: not all of the DNA codes for proteins—just the genes.

10. Here is a Basic Overview of the Process and the two steps:
In the Nucleus
Make a complimentary copy of the gene
At a Ribosome
Make a protein by reading the genetic code

11. Transcription - occurs in the nucleus
- Process by which a section of DNA is copies into a complementary strand of RNA

12. The Steps of TRANSCRIPTION
1. DNA unwinds and unzips.
2. The instructions from a gene are copied (transcribed) into a complementary strand of RNA—specifically, mRNA.
mRNA is made using base pairing rules:
3. mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
gene (DNA): A T C G A A C C A T T A (template)
mRNA : T A G C T T G G T A A T

13. The Steps of TRANSCRIPTION
The proceeded mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.                                
mRNA carries the instructions that direct the assembly of a specific protein to a designated area on the ribosome. 
The instructions are carried in a sequence of three nitrogen bases called a codon.

14. Codon Chart
Codon is the code – needed to convert mRNA into protein language.   Each codon (3 nitrogen bases) codes for one amino acid.  This is the genetic code.  The genetic code is universal possible combinations – (see Table 11.1 in book) – Note some do not code for an amino acid, but provide instructions for making a protein (UAA is a STOP codon indicating that the protein chain ends at that point). AUG is a START codon as well as the codon for methionine.
Note that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid.

15. TRANSLATION
Once the message has reached the ribosome, the protein is ready to be assembled. The process of building the protein from the mRNA instructions is called translation. The transfer RNA (tRNA) and the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are involved in translation. In the cytoplasm, a ribosome attaches to the strand of mRNA like a clothes pin clamped to a close line. tRNA is responsible for carrying the amino acid (the building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome so they can be linked in a specific order that makes up a single protein.

17. Transcription
Each tRNA attaches to only one type of amino acid (correct translation of mRNA depends on the joining of each mRNA codon with the correct tRNA molecule).   How does this happen? One end of the tRNA carries a three-base sequence called an anticodon, which matches up with a particular codon on the mRNA.  They are complementary to each other.  

18. Translation Overview Occurs in the cytoplasm
Process in which a message carried by mRNA is decoded into a protein!
The mRNA code is made up of groups of three nucleotide bases known as codons.
Each of these specify an amino acid. Eg. UGC = Cysteine
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
So, the mRNA will be translated into a protein.

19. Translation Steps: Steps to translation:
mRNA travels to a site in the ribosome in the cytoplasm
The ribosome reads the mRNA code one codon at a time
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA (3 bases on tRNA is called an anticodon.) Anticodons match with codons in a complementary base pair fashion.
Amino acids are linked to form a protein!
ribosome travels down mRNA
tRNA continue to bring amino acids to the growing protein
As the correct amino acids are brought to the ribosome by the tRNAs, they are joined together by bonds called peptide bonds to form the protein that the original DNA coded for.