1. 9.22 Highly diagrammatic representations of some common patterns of geographic variation
Contact between
Subspecies
Clinal Variation
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Mosaic
Concordant Clines

2. 9.23 Two subspecies of a common North American woodpecker, the northern flicker
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3. 9.24 Five subspecies of the rat snake Elaphe obsoleta
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4. 9.25 Clines in the frequency of the AdhF allele at alcohol dehydrogenase locus of D. melanogaster
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Frequency of ADH(f) decreases with latitude

5. 9.26 A common-garden study of ecotypic variation in the sticky cinquefoil
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6. 9.27(1) Character displacement in bill size in seed-eating ground finches of the Galápagos Islands
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7. 9.28 Gene flow causes populations to converge in allele frequencies
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8. 9.29 Gene flow in maize (corn), a wind-pollinated plant
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9. 9.30(1) Genetic differentiation among populations of the North American pitcher-plant mosquito
Fst= Vq / (q)(1-q)
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10. 9.31 Geographic variation in mitochondrial DNA in MacGillivray’s warbler
Haplotype
Network
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11. 9.32(1) A division of the world’s human populations into eight classes of genetic similarity
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12. 9.32(2) The geographic distribution of skin color
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