1. Efficacy of intraoperative mapping to optimize the surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery 
Shigeo Yamauchi, MD, Hidetugu Ogasawara, MD, Yoshiaki Saji, MD, Ryuzo Bessho, MD, Yasuo Miyagi, MD, Masahiro Fujii, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 74, Issue 2, Pages (August 2002)
DOI: /S (02)

2. Fig 1
Isochrome maps and electrograms showing regular repetitive firing from the left atrial appendage. The four time frames show the isochrome activation maps corresponding to four successive left atrial repetitive ectopic firings occurring from the left atrial appendage. The wavefront propagated into the posterior wall in these maps. The cycle length of this sustained tachycardia and the window of analysis of each successive timeframe were 150 ms. In contrast, the right atrium was activated passively and relatively regularly through Bachmann’s bundle, the interatrial septum, or the posterior portion of the left atrium. The mean right atrial fibrillatory cycle length was 155 ms. The silver lines on the isochrome map represent the earliest activation and the blue lines the latest activation. In the four frames, activation corresponding to the earliest site of activation seen in the electrograms is always from the left atrial appendage, suggesting a focal origin of this tachycardia. The stars represent the sites of the cryolesions.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02) )

3. Fig 2
Isochrome maps and electrograms showing circus movement located in the left atrial posterior wall. This shows an example of circus movement around an obstacle created by functional block at the junction between the left posterior atrial appendage and left atrial posterior wall. Two consecutive left atrial maps were demonstrated. In this example, circus movement occurred around a small segment of functional block. The orifices did not appear to play even a subsidiary role in this tachycardia. The mean fibrillatory cycle length of the left atrium was 191 ms and the direction of the circus wavefront was clockwise. In contrast, the right atrium was activated passively through Bachmann’s bundle or the posterior portion of the left atrium. The cycle length of the right atrium was 195 ms. Note that in frames A and B, double potentials are recorded suggesting that the first potential represents the activation moving away and the second potential the activation returning as it goes around the area of functional block. Although there were no electrodes located exactly on the turnaround point, the electrogram recordings suggest that the turnaround point was located somewhere posterior to the atrial appendage. The stars represent the sites of the cryolesions.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02) )

4. Fig 3
Isochrome maps and electrograms showing repetitive firing from the left superior pulmonary vein. This tachycardia wavefront originated repetitively from a site in the left superior pulmonary vein. The cycle length of this sustained tachycardia was 170 ms. The right atrium was activated through Bachmann’s bundle. The cycle length of the right atrium was 190 ms. The star represents the site of the cryolesion.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /S (02) )