1. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Cognitive Learning Theories
Information Processing Theory
Schema Theory
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

2. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Cognitive Learning Theories
Information Processing
Looks at learning as a process in which information is registered, perceived, and possibly placed into short-term memory (into our consciousness) where it can be encoded and manipulated (as symbols). Finally, some information will be stored in long-term memory where it stays until recalled back into working short-term memory.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

3. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Cognitive Learning Theories
Symbol Manipulation
Asserts that we think by mentally assigning and manipulating symbols that represent the things we perceive in the real world. Symbols are our mind's thinking tools.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

4. Knowledge Construction
Cognitive Learning Theories
Knowledge Construction
We each reconstruct knowledge based on our existing schema as well as a variety of other factors.
It is not likely that there will be an absolute, objective correlation between what we receive and what we encode into long-term memory.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

5. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

6. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Sensory Register
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
This is the part of the memory that receives all the information a person senses - taste, touch, sight, sound, smell.
It holds all sensory stimuli encountered by an individual for a very brief time period.
It can hold an enormous amount, more than we can ever perceive.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

7. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Sensory Register
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
This memory is very short (less than 1/2 second for vision; about 3 seconds for hearing).
We ignore a lot of sensory input and send some to short-term memory.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

8. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

9. Short-term Memory / Working Memory
Information Processing Model
Short-term Memory / Working Memory
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
This memory is the part of memory where new information is held temporarily until it is either lost or placed into long-term memory.
Information in this memory initially lasts around 15 to 20 seconds.
Capacity of this memory is limited to about 7 slots/units.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

10. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Rehearsal
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
Rehearsal is the work one needs to understand and store information.
One can begin to work on, or rehearse on the information in short-term memory to make it available for up to 20 minutes.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

11. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Encoding
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
When the information is encoded in a meaningful form, it gets stored permanently. If related to previous knowledge, encoding works in an effective manner. This often leads to ‘learning’. It may also include recoding the existing information in a new way.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

12. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Encoding
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
Encoded information is easier to be recalled whenever required.
Strategies for assisting encoding include chunking, rehearsal, imagery, mnemonics, schema activation, and level of processing.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

13. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Retrieval
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
Retrieval is the process of finding and bringing information from long-term memory.
Memory cues or reminders can help us to retrieve required information. The retrieved information, many a times, is also used for problem-solving by the brain.
Frequent review keeps memories from fading over time.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

14. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

15. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Long-term Memory
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
Brain has assigns sense and meaning to the information. Thus it moves into the long term memory.
Long-term Memory files and stores unlimited amounts of information in clusters or schemas. Information linked with the existing schema is easier to retrieve.
Carefully organized and labeled clusters are easier to retrieve.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

16. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Long-term Memory
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
There are two type of Long Term Memory:
declarative knowledge, which deals with factual knowledge,
and
procedural knowledge, which deals with knowing how to perform an activity.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

17. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

18. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
Meta-cognition
LONG
TERM
MEMORY
WORKING
Forgotten
(Perhaps
recoverable)
Decay
(lost)
attention
perception
rehearsal
encoding
retrieval
Stimuli
from the
environment
Response
SENSORY
REGISTER
METACOGNITION
Meta-cognition is knowledge of knowing.
Human being, after attaining maturity, starts thinking about his/her own thinking process, way of processing and retrieving information.
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU

19. Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU
Information Processing Model
More readings…
1/16/2019
Dept of Educational Technology, SNDTU