1. NERVOUS SYSTEM Aids in remembering, thinking, moving, being aware, and coordinating all other body functions to maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 9

2. 2 Parts of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
nerves

3. Neurons Nervous tissue contains masses of nerve cells called neurons.
Specialized to react to physical and chemical changes.
Transmit info in the form of electrochemical changes called nerve impulses.
Bundles of axons make nerves.
Also contains neuroglial cells that provide physical support, insulation,
and nutrients for neurons.

4. Central Nervous system
Brain and Spinal Cord
Protected by layered membranes called meninges.
Dura mater (outermost layer- contains blood vessels)
Arachnoid mater (no blood vessels)
Pia mater (thin, contains nerves and b.v that nourish the cells of the brain and spinal
cord)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) –clear,
watery fluid b/w the arachnoid
and pia maters that is a shock
absorber. Secreted by masses
of specialized capillaries called
choroid plexuses.

6. Brain Structure and Functions
Contains 100 billion multipolar neurons.

7. 4 main parts of brain Brain area Location Function Cerebrum Cerebellum
Largest, most of cranial cavity
Sensory and motor functions
Higher mental functions
-memory
-reasoning
Cerebellum
Posterior and inferior region
Coordination
Balance
Muscle tone

8. Brain area Location Function
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Middle
Limbic system-controls emotional experience and expression
1.Process sensory info (pain, touch, temp)
2.Maintains homeostasis: appetite center, sleep-wake, water balance
Brainstem
Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Base of brain
Connect various parts of NS
Regulates visceral activities
1.Breathing, heart rate
2.Origin of cranial nerves
3.Coordinate head/eye movements to sound& light

9. STRUCTURE OF CEREBRUM
Cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of gray matter that contains 75% of all neuron cell bodies of the NS.
Left & Right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum.
Dominant hemisphere-controls the ability to understand language
Surface contains many ridges called gyri (gyrus) separated by grooves. Shallow groove is a sulcus and a deep groove is a fissure.
Longitudinal fissure separates the right and left hemispheres .
Transverse fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

10. 5 lobes-frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula (inner)
4 ventricles

11. 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
Nerve Function
Olfactory smell
Optic vision
Oculomotor moves/focus eye
Trochlear moves eye
Trigeminal chewing
Abducens moves eye
Facial facial expression, taste
Vestibulocochlear equilibrium, hearing
Glossopharyngeal swallowing
Vagus heart, digestion
Accessory neck
Hypoglossal move tongue

12. Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, AH

13. SPINAL CORD
Contains 31 segments, each giving rise to a pair of spinal nerves.   
Foramen Magnum
-Where the spinal cord begins
Cervical Enlargement
-supplies nerves to upper limbs
Spinal Cord
Vertebral Canal
Lumbar Enlargement
-supplies nerves to lower limbs

15. Cross section of spinal cord
Posterior Sulcus: divides spinal cord into right and left halves.
White Matter: myelinated neurons
Contains CSF
Anterior fissure
Divides spinal cord into right and left halves
Unmyelinated neurons

16. Conducting impulses Spinal reflex center
Spinal Cord Functions (pg. 234)
Conducting impulses
2 way communication system
Ascending tracts: carry sensory info to the brain
Descending tracts: conduct motor impulses from the brain to effectors
Spinal reflex center
Patellar and withdrawal reflex
Reflex arc passes through the spinal cord

17. Miscellaneous/Problems
Subdural hematoma: collection of blood from broken blood vessels that will increase pressure in the skull and will lead to functional losses or death.
Cerebral palsy: partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by damage to the cerebrum.