1. Chapter 10 REVIEW cell growth and divison

2. Bell Work
What are the three stages of Interphase? What happens during each phase?
What are the stages of the M phase? What happens during each phase?
Look on pages 245/ for reinforcement

3. Interphase
What happens during each phase? G1 – cells do most of their growing. Cells increase in size & synthesize new proteins and organelles. S - chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place. G2 – other oganelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.

4. Mitosis
What are the four phases of Mitosis (in order)? Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Prophase- the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.

5. Mitosis
Metaphase- The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere. Anaphase- The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.

6. Mitosis
Telophase- The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes will form. Cytokinesis- The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes.

7. Does an animal cell get larger because each cell increases in size or because it produces more cells?
because it produces more cells
2. The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its ______.
DNA

8. 3. Which macromolecule contains DNA
3. Which macromolecule contains DNA? nucleic acids What are the base pairs of DNA? Adenine – Thymine Cytosine – Guanine What are the base pairs of RNA? Adenine- Uracil

9. 4. In addition to DNA overload, the cell is limited because a large cell would have trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the ___________________. cell membrane 5. Which insoluble macromolecule makes up the bilayer of the cell membrane? lipids

10. 6. What type of cellular transport requires ATP
6. What type of cellular transport requires ATP? Active Transport – low concentration to high concentration (against the concentration gradient) Endocytosis – moving materials into the cell Exocytosis – moving materials out of the cell

11. Active Transport

13. 7. Before cell division occurs, what happens to the cells of DNA
7. Before cell division occurs, what happens to the cells of DNA? it replicates (copied) 8. Describe the main difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? prokaryotes (bacteria) no nucleus eukaryotes (plants & animals) nucleus

14. 9. Between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which has a more complex process of cell division? Eukaryotes 10. The division of the nucleus is called __ mitosis 11. The division of the cytoplasm is called cytokinesis

15. 12. Reproduction by mitosis is classified as ________
12. Reproduction by mitosis is classified as ________. What kinds of organisms reproduce this way? Asexual -- Unicellular organisms 13. Mitosis is also the source of new cells when a multicellular organism grows and develops

16. 14. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic information that is passed down from one generation to the next is carried by ____. chromosomes 15. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and Protein

17. 16. What is the subunit (building block) of protein? amino acids
What is the indicator & color change? biurets & violet
17. Human cells have _____ chromosomes 46

18. Figure 10-3 Each chromosome has two sister ____ attached at the ____.
chromatids / centromere
19. The in-between period
of growth is called _______.
interphase

19. 20. The cell cycle contains 4 phases
20. The cell cycle contains 4 phases. Mitosis and Cytokinesis take place in the __M___ phase. Chromosome replication, or synthesis, takes place in the __S__ phase. The G in the G1 and G2 phases stands for __gap___ but they are actually periods of __growth__ and __activity__.

20. 21. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. Prophase E. Metaphase F. Anaphase G
21. A. G1 B. S C. G2 D. Prophase E. Metaphase F. Anaphase G. Telophase A,B,C = Interphase D,E,F,G = Mitosis

21. 22. Biologists divide the events of Mitosis into 4 phases:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
23. Do plant cells have centrioles? NO
Which organelles are found only in plant cells?
cell wall, chloroplast

22. 24. What is the function of the spindle
24. What is the function of the spindle? it helps to separate the chromosomes 25. Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as ______________. telophase

23. 26. Name 2 cells in the human body that DO NOT divide once they develop: muscle cells, nerve cells 27. Name 3 cells in the human body that grow and divide throughout life: skin cells, cells of the digestive tract, and bone marrow cells

24. 27. When an injury such as a cut in the skin or break in the bone occurs, what happens to cells? The cells are stimulated to divide, starting the process of healing. What happens when the healing process nears completion? The rate of cell division slows down and controls on growth are restored.

25. 28. The protein, ________, regulates the timing of the cell cycle
28. The protein, ________, regulates the timing of the cell cycle. cyclin 29. Proteins that respond to events inside the cell are called internal regulators & ex: several internal regulatory proteins make sure a cell does not enter Mitosis until all its chromosomes have been replicated.

26. 30. Proteins that respond to events outside the cell are called external regulators & ex: growth factors that stimulate growth division of cells – especially important in embryonic development and wound healing. 31. What happens when some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth? cancer

27. 32. As a result of not responding to the signals that regulate cell growth, cancer cells divide uncontrollably and form masses called _______ that can damage surrounding tissues. tumors 33. An astonishing number of cancer cells have defects in a gene called ______ P53

28. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase or Telophase
- the chromosomes become visible
The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus
The nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks down

29. Metaphase
The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle
Anaphase
The centromeres that join the sister chromatids split, allowing the sister chromatids to separate and become individual chromosomes.
This phase ends when the chromosomes stop moving.

30. Telophase
The chromosomes which were distinct and condensed, begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material.
The nuclear envelope reforms, the spindle breaks apart, and the nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell.

31. Interphase

32. 2.

33. 3.

34. 4. Anaphase

35. 5. Telophase

36. 6. Cytokinesis

37. PMAT

38. Mitosis Video