1. Software acquisition and Professional Issues Related to use of ICTs1 1

2. Software Acquisition Develop their own Software in-house
Acquire ‘off-the-shelf’ packages (proprietary, need a license to use software)
Contract a Software house to develop the required software (outsourcing)
Free and open source software (FOSS). This is software whose publishers have made the source code available for anybody to alter without the need of a licence or agreement to do so.
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3. Acquisition Method Factors
Company /Organization size/ Complexity of Organization.
Availability of qualified staff.
Application sought (unique or otherwise)
Is the Software for the task available?
Cost implications (Licensing and Purchase)
Does it adequately meet organization needs?
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4. Acquisition Method Factors cont’d
Operating System in use.
Hardware specifications requirements.
Other software installed on the machines and the need for inter-operability and coordination.
Consideration of the pros and cans of each type of Software against the alternatives.
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5. Licensing, Purchase and Use of Software
Intellectual Property
A product of the intellect that has commercial value, including copyrighted property such as literary or artistic works, and ideational property, such as patents, appellations of origin, business methods, and industrial processes. The legal rights associated with inventions, artistic expressions and other products of the imagination (e.g. patent, copyright and trademark law.)
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6. Licensing, Purchase and Use of Software
Copyright
Also referred to as the right to copy. An incorporeal right granted by statute to the creators of literary works and artistic productions whereby the creators are invested for a specified period with sole and exclusive privilege of multiplying copies or authorizing performance of the same and publishing.
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7. Licensing, Purchase and Use of Software
Trade Marks
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities. Certain words, phrases, names, designs, icons, graphics or logos used on the Site may constitute trade marks, service marks or trade names or other entities. The display of any trade marks on the Site does not imply that a licence has been granted for any further use.
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8. Licensing, Purchase and Use of Software
A license is an arrangement under which an organization (the licensor) grants another organization (the licensee) the right to manufacture goods, use patents, use processes, or exploit trade marks within a defined market. Often used as an international market entry method. It is also contractual agreements granting permission for the use of intellectual property under specific conditions. Some online licenses impose limits beyond what is covered under copyright law.
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9. Licensing, Purchase and Use of Software
End User Licensing Agreement (EULA)
This is synonymous with the agreements made by the publisher of software granting the bearer permissions to load the software on their computer subject to conditions. This may simply be an agreement made when the user/client accepts the licensing agreement terms and conditions through the actual act of opening the container/packaging that houses the software. This agreement may also be upheld by activating the software itself. The user may opt out of the agreement by refusing to open the container/packaging housing the software or refusing to activate it with the subject conditions.
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10. Ethical Issues
Ethics (moral values) issues that arise for companies and individual involved in the use of ICT
Conflicts between companies’ desire to collect and use data about their customers and the privacy rights of those customers
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11. Borders and Jurisdiction
Physical world has territorial borders with clear;
Mark range of culture
Mark reach of applicable laws
Physical travel across international borders
Formal document examination
Language and currency change
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12. Geographic influences of area’s dominant culture
FIGURE 8-1 Culture helps determine laws and ethical standards
Geographic influences of area’s dominant culture
Limit acceptable ethical behavior and laws adopted
Culture affects laws directly and indirectly
Through its effect on ethical standards
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13. Borders and Jurisdiction (cont’d.)
Geographic boundaries on culture
Today people travel easily between countries
Example: European Union citizen movement and use of common currency (the euro)
Relationship between geographic and legal boundaries
Defined by four elements
Power, effects, legitimacy, notice
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14. Borders and Jurisdiction (cont’d.)
Power
Form of control over:
People and objects residing in physical space
Defining characteristic of statehood
Effective laws require effective enforcement
Effective enforcement requires ability to:
Exercise physical control over residents
Impose sanctions on violators
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15. Borders and Jurisdiction (cont’d.)
Effects
Physical world laws
Grounded in relationship between physical proximity and effects (impact) of person’s behavior
Diminish as geographic distance increases
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16. Borders and Jurisdiction (cont’d.)
Legitimacy
Idea that those subject to laws should have some role in formulating them
Countries and governments
Operate with varying levels of authority and autonomy
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17. Borders and Jurisdiction (cont’d.)
Notice
Physical boundaries provide notice (when crossed)
Expression of such a change in rules
Constructive notice
People informed of subjection to new laws and cultural norms: crossing international border
Ignorance of law: not sustainable defense
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18. Jurisdiction on the Internet
Difficult
No geographic boundaries
Physical world considerations (power, effects, legitimacy, notice) do not translate well
Governments enforcing Internet business conduct laws:
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19. Online Crime, Terrorism, and Warfare
Internet
Opened up worldwide possibilities for people to communicate
Opened doors for businesses to:
Reach new markets
Create opportunities for economic growth
Useful tool for perpetrating crimes, conducting terrorism, waging war
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20. Online Crime Online versions of physical world crimes New online crime
Theft, stalking, pornography distribution, gambling
New online crime
Commandeering computer to attack other computers
Law enforcement obstacles
Jurisdiction issues
Prosecuting across international boundaries
Internet provides new life to old fraud scams
Advance fee fraud
Nigerian scam (419 scam)
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21. Online Crime (cont’d.) Distribution of pornographic material
Jurisdiction issues
Subjective distinction between legal and illegal adult material
Online gambling
Online stalking
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22. Online Crime (cont’d.) Cyberbullying
Using technology to harass, humiliate, threaten, or embarrass another
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23. Online Crime (cont’d.)
Infiltrating computer systems with intent of stealing data, creating operational disruptions
Internet can help law enforcement
Track perpetrators of crime
Criminals brag on social networking sites
Criminals leave clues in online profiles
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24. Online Warfare and Terrorism
New age of terrorism and warfare
Carried out or coordinated through the Internet
Web sites (considerable number)
Operated by hate groups and terrorist organizations
Contain detailed instructions for creating biological weapons, other poisons
Contain discussion boards
Help terrorist groups recruit new members online
Offer downloadable terrorist training films (thousands)
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25. Ethical Issues & Consequences
Ethics issues
Significant in online privacy area
Laws not keeping pace with Internet, Web growth
Nature and degree of personal information recorded
Damaged reputation, long-term loss of trust, loss of business
Ethical lapse rapidly passed among customers, can seriously affect company’s reputation
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26. Communications with Children
Children are less capable of evaluating information sharing and transaction risks
Concerns
Children’s ability to read, evaluate privacy statements
Consent to providing personal information to sites
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