1. NEW IMPERIALISM
1800s-1914

2. MOTIVES POLITICAL Gain Power Compete to expand territory
Use and show-off military force
Gain prestige by winning colonies

3. NATIONALISM 19TH Century Movement Pride in one’s country
Unification Movements

4. NATIONALISM GERMAN UNIFICATION Led by Otto von Bismarck of Prussia
3 Major Wars (Denmark, Austria, and France)
Completed

6. NATIONALISM ITALIAN UNIFICATION War, diplomacy, plebiscite
Led by Count Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, King Victor Emmanuel II
War, diplomacy, plebiscite
Completed

8. The Result
An upset to the European “balance of power” established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815

9. THIS IS A CAUSE OF WORLD WAR I

10. MOTIVES
EXPLORATORY
Desire to explore the “unknown” or uncharted territory
Conduct scientific research
Determine causes and treatment of diseases
Go on an adventure
Investigate “unknown” cultures

11. European Explorers in Africa
19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

12. Dr. David Livingston
Dr. David Livingstone
Sir Henry Morton Stanley

14. “Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?”

15. MOTIVES IDEOLOGICAL Based on cultural values.
Belief that the white race was “superior” and other cultures were “primitive.
It was the job of the Europeans to “civilize” peoples in other parts of the world.
Great nations should have empires!
Only the strongest nations will survive.

16. SOCIAL DARWINISM
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
Naturally Selected
The “selected” passed on their variations

17. SOCIAL DARWINISM Cont.. Late 19th Century Belief Herbert Spencer
“Survival of the Fittest”-1864
Progress comes from “the struggle for survival”
As the “fit”—the strong—advanced while the weak decline

18. Explains the need for stronger countries to dominate weaker ones
(Justification for European imperialism)
Also  extreme nationalism

19. “THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”
Rudyard Kipling
Urging “civilized” nations to extend their control over those who are not “civilized”
Used in children’s books and advertisements of the time period.
Humanitarianism

20. “THE WHTIE MAN’S BURDEN”
Take up the White Man’s burden—
Send forth the best ye breed—
Go, bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait, in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild—
Your new-caught sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden—
In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror
And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple,
An hundred times made plain,
To seek another's profit
And work another's gain.

22. RELIGIOUS Desire to spread Christianity
Superior to all other religions
Protect European missionaries in other lands
Want to acquire territory in order to Christianize people
Spread European values and moral beliefs
Educate peoples of other cultures
End the slave trade in Africa

23. THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

24. African Trade [15c-17c]

25. Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

26. Africa
1890

27. The Belgian Congo:
"King Leopold's
Ghost"

28. The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

29. King Leopold II: (r – 1909)

30. Harvesting Rubber

31. International African Association
Private holding company—1876
Hired Henry Morton Stanley to establish a colony in the Congo

32. Henry Stanley is in charge of his African men: "If you drop that, I will shoot!".

33. ATROCITIES
Punishing “Lazy” Workers

34. 5-8 Million Victims! (50% of Pop.)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit Belgian Official

35. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

36. Leopold’s Conscience??

37. Berlin Conference
Established a set of agreed-upon rules regarding the competition among the great powers for colonies in Africa

38. Berlin Conference
The area along the Congo River was to remain under the control of Leopold II.
No nation could stake a claim on the continent without notifying other nations.
Territory could not be claimed unless it was occupied.

40. European Colonization/Decolonization Patterns
Berlin Conference of

41. Leopold Defends Himself in Paris, 1903
King Leopold (to Loubert) How about that!  John Bull claims that I tortured, robbed an murdered more than he did. . .
Loubert : No, your
Majesty, that's
impossible.