1. Genetic Engineering
Understand the different aspects of gene technology.
Why they are used and the issues that come with them

2. Selective Breeding
Breed organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Ex. Faster horses, fatter cows, bigger plants, different breeds of dog….etc…

3. Selective Breeding Ex. Colored cauliflower
Resulted from years of selective breeding
Higher levels of vitamins than white cauliflower

5. Hybridization
Crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring best of both worlds together
Ex. Brangus Cattle
Brama Cows: withstand heat
Angus Cows: good meat

7. Inbreeding
Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
Ex. White tigers
Can create serious problems
Bringing together of 2 recessive alleles
All white tigers are cross-eyed because the gene causes the optic nerve to be wired to the wrong side of the brain

8. How to Increase Variation
Introduce mutations
Using radiation or chemicals
Mutations are not always harmful
Ex. Oil eating bacteria

9. Genetic Engineering Human manipulation of an organism’s DNA Examples
Recombinant DNA
Cloning
Transgenic organisms

10. Recombinant DNA Technology
Joining together DNA from 2+ sources
Can change the genetic makeup of things!

11. Recombinant DNA (cont’d)
Cut DNA with restriction enzymes
Introduce new gene into an organism’s existing DNA
Ex. Human insulin inserted into E.Coli to make large amounts of insulin for diabetics instead of slaughtering cows and pigs for their pancreas

12. Transgenic Organisms Possess a useful gene from other organisms
Completed by recombinant DNA
“recombining” DNA
Transgenic tobacco plant- glows in the dark.
Produced by transferring a gene from a firefly into a tobacco plant

13. Transgenic Microorganisms
Bacteria used to produce many important substances
Produce insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor in large quantities
Why use bacteria?
Ethics, supply, asexual

14. Transgenic Animals
Genes for better meat, resistance to disease, faster growing animals
A transgenic pig with higher levels of growth hormone produced the meatier pork chop.

15. Transgenic Plants Important to food supply
81% of soy beans, 64% of cotton genetically modified
Genes for disease resistance, produce their own insecticide, heat resistance, resist weed-killing chemicals, increase vitamin content
A Lemato and Colorful Carrots

16. Other common GMO agriculture
Bt (Bacillus thuringiens) crops have built-in insecticide protection to insect pests
Used in many plants including corn, cotton, tomatoes, and tobacco

18. Growing tissues in a lab

19. Gene Therapy

20. Cloning Creating a genetically identical organism
Scottish scientists first to clone a mammal
Dolly 1996
Dolly suffered from lung cancer and arthritis
Put down by lethal injection in 2003

21. Cloning Steps Obtain an egg cell Obtain a somatic cell from “mother”
Remove the nucleus
Obtain a somatic cell from “mother”
Dolly’s cell came from an utter
Place the somatic cell into the empty egg
Grow into embryo
Implant into a surrogate mother
Genetic identity equal to the somatic cell donor

22. Cloning Issues Animal clones show: Is it natural?
High rates of death, deformity, and disability
Dolly was the only success out of 276 tries!!
Is it natural?
Would you want to be a clone?
Is it ok to clone human embryos for research, and then destroy them after?

23. Benefits of Cloning
If improved, could reproduce animals with specific benefits
Mass produce these animals
Repopulation of endangered species
Produce whole human organs from a couple of cells
Stem cell research using cloned embryos

24. Ethical Issues
Where do you stop?

25. Human Genome Project Identified all of our genes!
Sequenced all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA
Helpful in identifying diseases and seeing how people are related to each other

26. DNA Fingerprinting Everyone has a different DNA pattern
A unique “fingerprint”
You can map these patterns and use it to identify a person
Useful in forensic cases