1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Life in England Before the Industrial Revolution?
8 out of 10 worked in countryside
Most involved in cottage industry where people make homemade items like buttons, cloth, pottery and bread
factories rarely employed more than 50 people
Developing towns – Liverpool,
Birmingham, Glasgow
Welsh spinsters
How many objects do you have about you or can you see in the room that are handmade?

7. Definitions of Industrial Revolution and Industrialization
Industrial Revolution: a period of increased output of goods made by machines and new inventions; a series of dramatic changes in the way work was done
Industrialization: the process of developing machine production of goods that led to a better quality of life for people and also caused immense suffering

8. Industrial Revolution
Began around 1750 in Great Britain
New machines led to the Industrial Revolution.
They replaced hand labor and helped workers produce more things faster.
Moving water power in rivers replaced worker’s muscle.

9. Industrial Revolution
Machines also started the factory system.
The new machines were too large and costly to be put into a person’s home.
Large buildings called factories were built to hold many of the machines.
The workers in one factory manufactured more in a day than one person working in his or her home could manufacture in a lifetime.

11. Industrial Revolution Included:
1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel
(2) the use of new energy sources, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine
(3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy

12. Industrial Revolution Included:
(4) a new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labor and specialization of function-- the worker acquired new and distinctive skills, and his relation to his task shifted; instead of being a craftsman working with hand tools, he became a machine operator, subject to factory discipline
(5) important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio.
(6) the increasing application of science to industry

16. The Agricultural Revolution
During the early 1700's, a great change in farming called the Agricultural Revolution began in Great Britain.
The revolution resulted from a series of discoveries and inventions that made farming much more productive than ever before.

17. Agricultural Revolution
Introduction of new crops and better farming techniques improved food production
People ate better, became healthier and lived longer = population boom
New technology meant less farmers needed to many moved to the city looking for work in the factories
Through “enclosure”, many peasants were left with no land to farm and moved to cities looking for work
More people in cities led to rapid urban growth
Rapid urban growth led to social problems (slums, poverty, crime)
Family poverty forced families to send their children to work in factories with dangerous conditions

22. Child Labour Back A Day in the life of a Yorkshire girl
This testimony was gathered by Lord Ashley when he conducted an investigation into the conditions of labour in mines. His report led to the mines Act of 1842 that prohibited the employment in the mines of children under thirteen.
Patiente Kershaw, 17-May 15, 1842
“My father has been dead about a year ; my mother is living and has ten children, five lads and five lasses ; the oldest is about thirty, the youngest is four ; three lasses go to mill ; all the lads work at the pit ; mother does nothing but look after home.
I never went to day-school ; I go to Sunday-school but I cannot read or write ; I go to pit at five o’clock in the morning and come out at five in the evening ; I get my breakfast of porridge and milk first ; I take my dinner with me, a cake, and eat it as I go ; I do not stop or rest any time ;I get nothing else until I get home, and then I have potatoes and meat - not meat every day.
At the pit, I hurry the corves about a mile under ground and back ; I wear a belt and chain to get the corves out ; the getters that I work for are naked except their caps ; they pull off all their clothes ; sometimes they beat me, if I am not quick enough ; the boys take liberties with me sometimes they pull me about ; I am the only girl. I would rather work in mill than in coal-pit.”
The girl is an ignorant, fithy, deplorable-looking object, one that the uncivilized natives of the prairies would be shocked to look upon.
Parliamentary Papers, 1842.
The brickyards of England - Children carrying clay
Young girl pulling a corve
Back