1. Fundamental of signals, digital and analog transmission

2. Analog and digital
Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to information that is continuous; digital data refers to information that has discrete states. Analog data take on continuous values. Digital data take on discrete values.

3. Analog and digital data
Data can be analog or digital.
Analog data are continuous and take continuous values.
Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values.

4. Analog and Digital Signals
Signals can be analog or digital.
Analog signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.
Digital signals can have only a limited number of values.

6. Periodic Analog Signals
In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog signals and nonperiodic digital signals.
Periodic signals can be classified as simple or composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine waves.

7. Definitions
Periodic Signal: A complete pattern(cycle) in measurable time(period), and repeats itself in subsequent identical periods.
Peak Amplitude: The absolute value of its highest intensity, propotional to he energy it carries.
Frequency: it refers to number of periods in 1 second.

8. Figure: A sine Wave

13. Table: Unit of frequency and time

14. DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION
The conversion involves three techniques:
line coding,
block coding, and
scrambling.
Line coding is always needed; block coding and scrambling may or may not be needed.

19. ANALOG to ANALOG Conversion
Analog to analog encoding is the represenation of analog information by an analog signal.
Analog signals are modified to represent to analog data.
Also known as Analog modulation.

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