1. Conference on Land Policy in Africa (CLPA-2017)
WOMEN’S RIGHT TO LAND: THE CASE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH MALE MIGRANTS IN KANKICHO KEBELE, DUNA WOREDA, HADIYA ZONE-SNNPRS, ETHIOPIA
ASSEFA MAKEBO (FR.)
14-17 November 2017
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2. Outline Introduction The Research Questions Methodology
Results and Discussions
Conclusions

3. Mother Earth! Introduction
Land is a significant gift of God as a natural resource to all human beings without discrimination

4. Introduction Cont’d
In Ethiopian Constitution of 1995 (FDRE, 1995), Both land administration and utilization proclamations of FDRE, 456/2005 and SNNPR, 110/2007 have granted women to acquire, administer, control, use, transfer, and inherit land and supported equal rights of men and women with no discriminations.
In rural Ethiopia, due to patriarchal orientation of inheritance, socio-cultural barrier, ancestry related social norms, and husbands’ migration from marriage practices has significantly affected women’s right to access to and control over land.
In Ethiopia, though the government dictated the equal rights for both genders, the anguish of many women for the bundles of rights have remained a challenge in many parts of the country.

5. Introduction Cont’d In rural Ethiopia
Land Scarcity, population density, women’s dependence on male farming system,
Long aged patriarchal beliefs, ancestry norms, impositions of informal social institutions, and male oriented inheritance practices,
Low awareness and lack of women’s confidence to claim or being comfortable with their statues of not having land due to socio-cultural barrier,
Trans-boundary nature Migration is a challenge. It pressurizes women’s land right
Women’s being deprived of social, economic, psychological, biological, and political needs,
Lack of behavioural changes in patrilineal line for women’s land rights and negative effects of migration have affected women in the society. So women did not enjoy equal rights and opportunities as men in practice,

6. The Research Questions
This study seeks to answer the following questions:
Do women have right to access to and control over land?
What are the effects of husband’s migration on land accessibility for women?
How do women secure land rights in the absence of husbands due to migration?

7. Methodology Site Description of Duna Woreda,
277 kms away from Addis Ababa,
Geographically located at 7°20'07N and 37°39'09.42E
Households of the Woreda, Male and Female 2178, total of 15898
Altitude ranges from m.a.s.l
Climate,
Mean Temperature rages from °C
Mean Rainfall, mm

8. Area of the Study
Figure 1: Map of SNNPR, Hawassa Zuria District and administrative Map of Hadiya Zone, Duna Woreda. Sources: and SNNPRFEDB

9. Data Collection Methods
Data Collection from Primary and Secondary Sources
Primary:
Preliminary Survey, Key Informant Interview, Focus Group Discussions, and Household Survey
Secondary:
Published and Unpublished Documents
Sampling Techniques and Sample size determination
Kankicho Kebele in Duna Woreda was purposively selected (N=X)
Married husband migrated women households were taken by snowball techniques (n=30)

10. Data Collection Methods Cont’d
Data Analysis Methods:
Both qualitative and quantitative data were used
Quantitative
Analyzed by: using relevant descriptive statistics with software of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), IBM version 20.
Presented by: using table, frequency, and percentage.
Qualitative
Analyzed by: using careful manual interpretation of meanings and contents, organizing and summarizing.
Presented by: using narrative type of analysis.

11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Trends of Migration in the Study Area
Source: Statistical data of Social protection Unit in Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
Table 1. The total number of migrants per Kebeles
Migrants from the following Kebeles (M= Male, F= Female)
Kankicho
Dabiyago
Letebo
Zal-dama
Total
No.
Year M F 1.
2004 E.C.
357 3
185 -
120 50
715 2.
2005 E.C.1
420
165 95 45
725 3.
2006 E.C.
400
158 75 36
669 4.
2007 E.C. 65 28
633 5.
2008 E.C.
150 80 58 20
308 6.
2009 E.C. 15 2 6 1 62
1762 5
728
428
179
3112
[1] Includes data till 30/08/17

12. Women’s Right to Access to and Control over Land
Source: Own survey data Kankicho Kebele, Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
Husband migrated women’s right to access to and control over land
90% of respondents said, No access to land rights and 10% said, Yes do have access to land rights. Blue shade indicates women who say, Yes and Green No.

13. Major Causes of Migration
Table 2. Major Causes of Migration
Major Causes of migration
Frequency
Percent
lack of land 1
3.3
lack of land, low agricultural productivity, and poor economic condition 2
6.7
lack of land, low agricultural productivity, for additional income, and poor economic condition 10
33.3
lack of land, for additional income, and poor economic condition 17
56.7
Total 30
100.0
Source: Own survey data Kankicho Kebele, Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
57% of husband migrated households said, lack of land, search for additional incomes, poor economic conditions, and 33% of them added on the above that low agricultural productivities as the major causes for Migration to happen in the study area as we see in the above table.

14. Effects of husbands’ Migration on Women’s Land Right
Table 3. Effect of migration on women’s land right
Effect of Migration
Frequency
Percent
No effect 17
56.7
Totally blocked the little possibility of women’s land right 10
33.3
I don’t know 3
10.0
Total 30
100
Source: Own survey data Kankicho Kebele, Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
57% of husband migrated households said, husbands migration does not have effects on their land rights, since they do not have land, and 33% of them said husband's migration has totally blocked the little possibility of women’s land right in the study area as shown in the above table.

15. Challenges faced by Husband Migrated Women
Table 4. Challenges faced by husband migrated women
Source: Own survey data Kankicho Kebele, Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
63% of husband migrated households said, husbands’ migration have caused challenges of social, psychological, and biological need, whereas, 20% of added on the above the economic challenge, due to husbands Migration in the study area.
Challenges
Frequency
Percent
Economic 1
3.3
Social and psychological, biological needs of drives 19
63.4
Social, economic, psychological, and biologic need crisis 4
13.3
Social, economic, and psychological 6
20.0
Total 30
100.0
Here, biological need crisis indicates the challenges of sexual drive and child bearing

16. Actions Needed to Secure Women’s Land Ownership Right
Table 5. Actions needed to secure women’s land ownership right
Source: Own survey data Kankicho Kebele, Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
53% of households expressed that to secure women’s land right, awareness creation and promoting social acceptance as an important means. 30% of added economic empowerment, and 17% have recommended governments’ involvement in addition to awareness and social acceptance.
Action needed
Frequency
Percent
Awareness creation and promoting social acceptance 16
53.3
Awareness creation, economic empowerment, and promoting social acceptance 9
30.0
Awareness creation, promoting social acceptance, and government involvement is needed 5
16.7
Total 30
100.0

17. Actions Needed to Reduce Migration
Table 6. Actions needed to reduce Migration
Source: Own survey data Kankicho Kebele, Duna Woreda August 30, 2017
Establishing self-employment accesses, behavioural changes, job opportunities, developing small scale agro-industries, and creating market accesses are among the actions mentioned by all the respondents (100%) in the study area in order to reduce husbands’ migration.
Action needed
Frequency
Percent
Self-employment access, behavioural changes, job opportunities, developing small scale agro-industry, and creating access to market 30
100.0
Total

18. CONCLUSIONS
Both, women’s land right and migration are complex; so actions like,
Increasing sensitization on gender equality for:
Men and women, Kebele authorities, local stackholders
Women affairs
Customary leaders /Elders of the community/
Empowering women and husbands through:
Relatively equal share of economy for both genders
Giving awareness for husbands on negative effects of migration

19. CONCLUSIONS Increasing positive actions and relevant legal issues for:
Fair land distribution and registration of both genders
Working on job opportunities for income generating
Effective and equal power relations in political will for fair and functional implementation of laws and reforms with shared responsibilities on land rights and migrations
Special attentions should be given on attitudinal change through social psychology in grass root levels are of the importance for achieving land policy initiatives and socioeconomic transformation through inclusive and equitable access to land by women and reducing migration.

20. God bless us and our Mother Earth!
Selam Lehulum!

21. The End
Thanks!
Assefa Makebo (Fr.)
Date: November, 16/2017