1. Interaction of luminal enterotoxin and low dose systemic endotoxin on small intestinal motility, secretion and permeability in the rat 
Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Olof Söder, Per M Hellström 
Pathophysiology 
Volume 6, Issue 3, Pages (December 1999)
DOI: /S (99)

2. Fig. 1
Electromyographic recording of the rat small intestine showing the propagation of phase III (activity front, maximal amplitude) of migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) through the jejunum at 15 (J1), 25 (J2) and 35 (J3) cm distal to the pylorus. (A) No effect of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) given luminally; (B) effect of Escherichia coli heat-stabile enterotoxin (STa) 500 ng ml−1 given luminally in 0.3 ml PBS. An on-going activity front is halted, but resumes after 5 min; (C) effect of Escherichia coli O111.B4 endotoxin (LPS) 100 μg kg−1 administered intravenously in 0.3 ml PBS, showing disruption of MMC and induction of irregular spike bursts; (D) effect of STa and LPS in combination, showing similar pattern as in panel C.
Pathophysiology 1999 6, DOI: ( /S (99) )

3. Fig. 2
Intestinal loop fluid content in the different treatment groups: S (0.3 ml phosphate buffered saline, PBS); STa (luminal Escherichia coli O111.B4 heat-stable enterotoxin, 500 ng ml−1 in 0.3 ml PBS); endotoxin (LPS) (intravenous Escherichia coli O111.B4 LPS, 100 μg kg−1). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus corresponding S groups.
Pathophysiology 1999 6, DOI: ( /S (99) )

4. Fig. 3
Intestinal Evans blue uptake in all treatment groups: S (0.3 ml phosphate buffered saline, PBS); STa (luminal Escherichia coli O111.B4 heat-stable enterotoxin, 500 ng ml−1 in 0.3 ml PBS); endotoxin (LPS) (intravenous Escherichia coli O111.B4 LPS, 100 μg kg−1). No significant differences between groups at 30 min. *P<0.05 in comparison with S controls and STa-treated loops at 90 min.
Pathophysiology 1999 6, DOI: ( /S (99) )

5. Fig. 4
Light microscopic histology of intestinal loops from the jejunum of control rats receiving 0.3 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) luminally (A); from rats 90 min after luminal challenge with Escherichia coli O111.B4 heat-stable enterotoxin (STa, 500 ng ml−1 in 0.3 ml PBS) (B); intravenous challenge with Escherichia coli O111.B4 endotoxin (100 μg kg−1) (C); or a combination of STa and endotoxin (D). STa alone resulted in increased vacuolisation of villous enterocytes indicating subnuclear fluid accumulation (arrow) (B). Endotoxin administration resulted in destruction of the mucosal architecture with tissue edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (C and D). H&E 40X.
Pathophysiology 1999 6, DOI: ( /S (99) )