1. Exceptions to Mendel’s laws

2. 1) Incomplete dominance
Some alleles are not completely dominant and the offspring will have a “blending” of the parents traits.
EX: Red flower x White flower  Pink flowers

3. Incomplete dominance

4. 2) Codominance
2 alleles are equally dominant and both are expressed in the offspring.
EX: Roan horses and cows really have white & red hair (they appear brownish). Both hair colors show up when a white horse is bred to a “red” horse.

5. Codominance

6. 3) Multiple Allele Traits
A trait that has more than just 2 types of alleles.
EX: human blood types** (also show codominance)

7. Multiple allele traits

8. 4) Polygenic Traits A trait that is controlled by more than 1 gene.
EX: human skin color, height, and eye color

9. 5) Sex linked traits (X-linked)
Some traits are found on the sex chromosomes instead of autosomes and are more likely to show up in one gender.
EX: colorblindness & hemophilia
**these traits generally affect males more than females.