1. TUTORIAL 1 ( T1 )
BBSH 4103
HAZARD
MANAGEMENT

2. THE EVOLUTION OF THE OSH MOVEMENT
TOPIC I
THE EVOLUTION OF THE OSH MOVEMENT

3. OSH management is a function in the field of HRM.
Purpose: Looking after the employees welfare and also create a safe and comfortable workplace.
The development of OSH management can be divided into 2 phases:
BEFORE the Industrial Revolution.
AFTER the Industrial Revolution.

4. OSH management BEFORE the Industrial Revolution
 Times of Babylon around 2000 BC
through the Hammurabi Code.
 Evolved in Egyptian civilisations.
 King Ramses II (1200 BC).
 Roman Era.
 Renaissance 15th century.
 Urbanisation.

5. OSH management AFTER the Industrial Revolution
 The Industrial Revolution introduced
changes to work operations and the
workplace conditions – Steam power
and machines.
 Began in England and later spread to
USA.
Labour Unions also played an
important role.

6. OSH OUTSIDE OF THE COUNTRY
3 Major Tragedies that had a great impact on the development of OSH management worldwide:
a) The Hawk’s Nest Tragedy – silica
poisoning at Hawks Nest Tunnel,
Virginia, USA. b) The Bhopal Tragedy – Gas leak, India.
c) The Asbestos Menace .

7. OSH IN MALAYSIA
Shift from agriculture-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy.
Department of OSH under Ministry of HR enacted OSHA (Act 514) on 24 Feb
Government has established the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to provide training courses on OSH practices.

8. OSH MOVEMENT TODAY
The provision has become part of the business strategy of most companies.
Employers can reduce costs due to accidents, increase employees satisfaction and enhance organisations’ image .

9. THEORY OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION
TOPIC 2
THEORY OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION

10. INTRODUCTION
When an accident occurs at the workplace, employers tend to claim that it is due to the negligence of workers. Is the negligence of workers the cause of workplace accidents? What are the effects of workplace accidents?

11. 7 THEORIES OF ACCIDENT CAUSATION
Domino Theory.
Human Factors Theory.
Accident/Incident Theory.
Epidemiological Theory.
Systems Theory.
Behavioural Theory.
Bird’s Triangle.
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12. 1. DOMINO THEORY
Was introduced by Herbert W. Heinrich after studying the reports of 75,000 industrial accidents.
Concluded that 88% of industrial accidents were caused by unsafe acts committed by fellow workers, 10% caused by unsafe conditions and 2% were unavoidable.
Eg unsafe acts committed by fellow workers – negligent and not observing safety procedures.
Eg unsafe working conditions – working in high-rise building without proper safety gears and equipment and use of faulty or improperly insulated electrical appliances.
Eg unavoidable – floods, storms and caused by other individuals.

13. DOMINO – Each successive domino will topple the one next to it
DOMINO – Each successive domino will topple the one next to it. A factor will trigger another factor and so on, eventually causing an accident an leading to injuries.
5 factors in the sequence of events leading up to an accident:
Ancestry and social environment.
Fault of person.
Unsafe act/mechanical and physical hazards.
Accident.
Injury.

14. Heinrich’s theory has 2 central points:
Injuries are caused by the actions of preceding factors.
Removal of the central negates the actions of preceding factors and in doing so, prevents accidents and injuries.

15. 2. HUMAN FACTORS THEORY
Caused by human errors consist of 3 broad factors:
Overload – Imbalance between a person’s capacity at any given time and the load being carried by a person in a given state
Inappropriate response/Unsuitable response - Person detects a hazardous condition but does nothing to rectify it.
Inappropriate activities – Undertaking
of a task that a person does not know or not familiar with

16. 3. ACCIDENT/INCIDENT THEORY
Was developed by Dan Peterson. Caused by
Overload.
Ergonomic Trap.
Decision to err.
May lead to human error. The decision to err may be conscious and based on logic, or it may be unconscious.
Lead to Systems Failure.

17. 4. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL THEORY
Epidemiological is the study of causal relationship between environmental factors and disease.
The key components are:
Predisposition characteristics.
Situational characteristics.
Both can cause or prevent accident conditions.

18. 5. SYSTEM THEORY Was developed by R.J. Firenzie. Have 3 components:
Person (Host).
Machine (Agent).
Environment.
5 factors be considered:
Job requirements.
Workers’ abilities and limitations.
Gain if the task is successfully accomplished.
Loss if the task is attempted but fails.
Loss if the task is not attempted.

19. 6. BEHAVIOURAL THEORY Introduced by E. Scott Geller (2001).
This theory reinforces incentives and rewards to promote the desired safe behaviours.
Uses ABC model:
A = Activators/antecedent events.
B = Behaviour.
C = Consequences following behaviour
or produced by it.

20. 7. BIRD’S TIANGLE Introduced by Frank Bird.
All near miss accidents must be investigated and analysed immediately.
A near miss accident : An unexpected or unplanned incident which occurs but does not cause any injuries or damage to properties.
Near miss accident tend to lead employers
to be careless and be overconfident because there are no injuries or damage to properties.

21. THANK YOU
THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY