1. Solubility & Ksp
& Nuclear

2. Ksp Ksp - the study of the solubility of insoluble ionic compounds
Ksp - solubility product constant

3. Writing Ksp Expressions
CaF2 (s)  Ca F-
Mg3(PO4)2 (s)  3Mg PO4 -3
BaSO4 (s)  Ba +2 + SO4 -2

4. Example
The solubility of CuBr is 2.0 x 10-4 M. What is the value of Ksp?
CuBr  Cu + + Br-
Ksp = [Cu+][Br-]
Ksp = [2.0 x 10-4 ][2.0 x 10-4 ]
Ksp = 4.0 x 10 -8

5. Example 2
What is the molar solubility of Ag2S if the Ksp is 1.6 x 10-49?
Ag2S  2Ag + + S-2
Ksp = [Ag +]2[S-2]
Ksp = [2x]2[x]
1.6 x = 4x3
X = 3.42 x 10-17M

6. Example 3
What is the molar solubility of bismuth (III) sulfide if the Ksp is 1.1 x 10-73?
1 x M

7. Example 4
The pH of a solution of Fe(OH)3 is 2. What is the molar solubility? Ksp = 4 x
pH = 2
pOH = 12
[OH-] = 1 x M
Fe(OH)3  Fe OH-
Ksp = [Fe+3][OH-]3
4 x = [x][4 x ]3
X = 0.04 M

8. Will a solid form??? Compare Ksp to Qsp Q > K = yes ppt will form
Q < K = no ppt
Q is reaction quotient…just like K but not at equilibrium

9. Example
Will a ppt form? 50.0 ml of a M Na3PO4 solution is mixed with 50.0 ml of M BaCl2. Ksp of Ba3(PO4)2 is 6 x

10. Competing ppt
NaCl is added to a 50 ml beaker that contains a mixture of M Pb(NO3)2 and M AgNO3. What ppt will form 1st? Show your work.

11. Nuclear Chemistry

12. Nuclear vs. Chemical Occurs when nuclei emit particles and/or rays
Atoms of one element are converted into another element
May involve protons, neutrons, or electrons
Have large energy changes
Reaction rates are not affected
Occurs when bonds are broken and formed
Atoms remain unchanged, but the may be rearranged
Involve only valence electrons
Have small energy changes
Reaction rates are influenced by temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts

13. Types of Radiation
The three most common types of radiation are alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ).

14. Deflection
The effect of an electric field on three types of radiation is shown.
Positively charged alpha particles are deflected toward the negatively charged plate.

15. Deflection
Negatively charged beta particles are deflected toward the positively charged plate.

16. Deflection
Beta particles undergo greater deflection because they have considerably less mass than alpha particles.

17. Deflection
Gamma rays, which have no electrical charge, are not deflected.

18. Writing Nuclear Reactions
When writing nuclear reactions, you must remember the Law of Conservation of Matter
What you start with has to equal what you end with
You also have to remember how to write formulas for isotopes

19. Nuclear Reactions
Write the reaction for radium 226 converting into radon 222
Radium 226 is 22688Ra
Radon 222 is 22286Rn
Write the equation
22688Ra  22286Rn
Now you must find what is missing
22688Ra  22286Rn + 42He

20. Nuclear Reactions
Write the reaction of carbon-14 decaying into nitrogen – 14
146C  147N
Now see what’s missing
Only add to the product side
146C  147N + 0-1

21. Nuclear Reactions
Write the reaction of uranim-238 undergoing alpha and gamma decay
23892U  42He + 00
Now put what’s left
23892U  42He + 00 Th

22. Fission and Fusion Fission – splitting the nucleus into fragments
Releases large amounts of energy
Nuclear power plants use fission to generate power

23. Fission and Fusion Fusion – combining of atomic nuclei
Release large amounts of energy
Require extremely high temperatures
The lowest temperature possible is 40,000,000 K
Know to occur on the sun