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Humanism Grew out of early traditions of professional teaching in rhetoric and grammar in medieval Italian schools NEW: Emphasis on classical studies,

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Presentation on theme: "Humanism Grew out of early traditions of professional teaching in rhetoric and grammar in medieval Italian schools NEW: Emphasis on classical studies,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Humanism Grew out of early traditions of professional teaching in rhetoric and grammar in medieval Italian schools NEW: Emphasis on classical studies, imitating the classics- ideal of literary elegance reached through Roman authors AD FONTES “[back] to the sources”: humanist motto Valla and Donation of Constantine Civic Humanism: use studia humanitas for good of the city VIRTUS Vergerius Castiglione Machiavelli

2 Neo-Platonism Brought over to Italy in early15C by Byzantine scholars
Florentine Academy Augustine- use Plato to further knowledge of God Pico della Mirandola- man has choice between angels and animals (mutable human nature)

3 The New Monarchs (c )

4 Bellwork Tues. 8/9 Follow unpacking procedures
Get out your notes from yesterday along with your picture order forms. We will begin as soon as the bell rings.

5 Monarchy: theoretical => actual power
Middle Ages Monarchy: theoretical => actual power Tools of Monarchical centralization in 15C: Law: King=fount of Justice Taxes War Hereditary powers

6 15th century Problems Nobles
“Every baron is sovereign in his own barony” “over-mighty subjects” destroy common good Towns and merchants: Go to the LAW: Form alliance w/ King against selfish nobles

7 Law: educated theorists from universities
Law as King’s creature, but NOT his pet (not dictator) Taxation: King bypasses noble assemblies with civil servants (commoners) French bailiffs English justices of peace Spanish corregidores food, salt, or sales Government bonds

8 Military revolution New dominance of firearms and artillery on battlefield (arquebus and cannon) Results Mounted knights/castles obsolete Cost too high for individual lords Professional army under sovereign Swiss/German mercenaries for “King’s army”, more reliable than feudal vassals Fortresses

9 Kings Charles VII (r. 1422-61) and Louis XI r. 1461-83
France Kings Charles VII (r ) and Louis XI r Two victories: English Burgundian menace (Charles the Bold) King Louix XI ends reign with twice the land he starts with

10 Spain Poorly ruled and divided 1469: Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon marry effectively uniting Spain Accomplishments: Conquest of Moors Controls church, Inquisition Expel non-converting Jews and Muslims (1492) Marriage alliances: Hapsburgs and Tudors Overseas exploration (Columbus), leads to gold/empire

11 ELECTIVE monarchy, not hereditary
Holy Roman Empire The Exception ELECTIVE monarchy, not hereditary Golden Bull 1356: Established electoral college HRE renegotiates rights w/electors every election! Reichstag: control feuding (vendettas!) None of these reforms really affected matters, barons had too much power (See Protestant Reformation) Archbishops of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne; Duke of Saxony; Margrave of Brandenburg; Count Palatine

12 Confiscates lands and fortunes of old noble enemies
England Dynastic War of Roses Enter Henry VII (r ) New Tudor Dynasty Court of the Star Chamber: end noble’s perversion of justice King’s councilors as judges Confiscates lands and fortunes of old noble enemies

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