1. Angles and Directions

2. Vertical angles: plus or minus vertical angle
Zenith angles : directly above the observe
Nadir angles : directly below the observer

4. Horizontal Angles
horizontal angles are usually measured with a theodolite or total station.
For all closed polygons of n sides, the sum of the interior angles will be (n - 2)1800
Interior angles
Exterior angles
Deflection angles

5. Traverses
A traverse is essentially a series of straight lines connecting points along the path of a survey.
The lengths and directions of the lines are measured in the field, and the positions or co-ordinates of the points computed.
These points, called traverse stations, are commonly marked with wooden pegs, stakes, nails or iron pipes.

6. Traversing
Traversing is a rapid convenient method for establishing control. The main purposes of traverses are:
1 Property surveys to locate and establish boundaries
2  Supplementary horizontal control for topographic mapping surveys
3  Location and construction layout surveys for highways, railways, and other private or public works
control, is a set of reference-points of known geospatial coordinates . it may consist of any known point capable of establishing accurate control of distance and direction (i.e. coordinates, elevation, bearings, etc.).

7. Traversing Traverse networks have many advantages, including:
1 Less reconnaissance and organization needed
2  traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great deal of different terrains;
3  Traverse networks are free of the strength of figure considerations that happen in triangular systems control,
Scale error does not add up as the traverse is performed

8. Directions
Azimuth
is the direction of a line as given by an angle measured clockwise (usually) from the north end of a meridian.
Bearing
is the direction of a line as given by the acute angle between the line and a meridian.
The bearing angle, which can be measured clockwise or counterclockwise from the north or south end of the meridian.
is always accompanied by letters that locate the quadrant in which the line falls (NE, NW, SE, or SW).

9. Traverses – Open Traverses
Open traverses originate at a point of known position and end at a point of unknown position.
No computational checks are therefore possible to detect any errors or blunders in distances or direction.
Open traverses are very risky and should be avoided

10. Traverses – Closed Traverses
Closed traverses start and end on points of known position.
Since the beginning and end points are known, this provides a computational check on the measurements and calculations.
Systematic errors and blunders can be detected in both the distance and directions.
In addition to providing known positions for the start and end points, at least one known bearing or azimuth is also provided for closed traverses.
More than one bearing is required to prevent the entire traverse from ‘pivoting’ about a single known point.

11. Traverses – Loop Traverses
A traverse that starts and ends on the same point is called a loop traverse.
If the point is known, then it is closed loop traverse.
Loop traverses are geometrically and mathematically closed, so it is therefore possible to provide a mathematical check on the sum of the internal angles of the traverse. For a closed polygon
(internal angles) = (n – 2) 180
where n is the number of angles measured.

12. Traverses – Link Traverses
A traverse that starts and ends on different points is called a link traverse.
Link traverses can also be either open, starting on a known point and ending on an unknown point, or closed, starting and ending on two different known points.
In addition to the known points, closed link traverses also have starting and closing known bearings.
Closed-links are geometrically open but mathematically closed.

13. Closed Traverse

14. Open Traverse

15. Azimuths

16. Bearing

17. Relationship between Bearing and Azimuth
NE Bearing =Azimuth
SE Bearing = 180o – Azimuth
SW Bearing = Azimuth – 1800
NW Bearing = Azimuth

18. Reverse Directions
Reverse Azimuths
Reverse Bearings

19. Reverse Azimuths
Differ between forward and back azimuth =1800

20. Reverse Bearings
Just reverse the direction not the angle value

21. Azimuth Computation
When computations are to proceed around the traverse in a clockwise direction, subtract the interior angle from the back azimuth of the previous course.
When computations are to proceed around the traverse in a counter-clockwise direction, add the interior angle to the back azimuth of the previous course.

23. Sketch for Azimuth Computation

24. Bearing Computation
Prepare a sketch showing the two traverse lines involved, with the meridian drawn through the angle station.
On the sketch, show the interior angle, the bearing angle and the required angle.

26. Sketch for bearing Computation

27. Angle Adjustments- Closed Traverse

28. Ex1 : A closed five sided field traverse has the following interior angles: A= 125o 25/ 00//, B= 133o 17/ 00//, C= 80o 40/ 30//, D= 88o 10/ 30//, Find the angle at E.

29. Ex2 : Convert the following Azimuths to Bearings : (a) 200o 50/ (b) 133o 52/ (c) 130o 13/ (d) 271o 49/

30. Ex3 : Convert the following Bearings to Azimuths : (a) N 45o 45/ E (b) N12o 08/ W (c) S13o 11/ E (d) S 77o 08/ W

31. Ex4 : Convert the following Azimuths to reverse (back) Azimuths : (a) 200o 50/ (b) 133o 52/ (c) 130o 13/ (d) 271o 49/

32. Ex5 : Convert the following Bearings to reverse (back) Bearings : (a) N 45o 45/ E (b) N12o 08/ W (c) S13o 11/ E (d) S 77o 08/ W

33. Ex6 : Closed traverse ABCD has the following bearings: AB= N 60o 50/ E BC= S 42o 48/ E CD= S 7o 33/ W DA= N 66o 03/ W Compute the interior angles and provide a geometric check for your work

34. Figure 2 Interior Angles A= 63o 47/ 00// B= 140o 28/ 50//
C= 101o 30/ 20//
D= 72o 48/ 10//
E= 161o 25/ 40//
Figure 2

35. Ex7 : If the Bearing of AB is N / E, compute the bearings for the remaining sides proceeding in a clockwise direction.

36. Ex8 : If the Azimuth of AB is 49o 19/ , compute the azimuths for the remaining sides proceeding in a counterclockwise direction.

37. Latitudes and Departures

38. Latitude (ΔY) = distance(H) cos α
Departure (ΔX) = distance(H) cos α
Latitude : is the north /south rectangular components of the line(ΔN).
Departure : is the east /west rectangular components of the line(ΔE).

40. Compass Rule – distributes the errors in lat/dep.
C lat AB= Σ lat AB P
C dep AB = Σ dep AB
The sign of correction is opposite from that of the error

41. Example 9
A five-sided closed field traverse has the following angles Determine the angular error of closure and balance the angles by applying equal corrections to each angle.

42. Example 10
A four-sided closed traverse has the following angles. The lengths of the sided are as follows: AB= m BC= m CD= m DA= m The bearing of AB is S17o 17/ W BC is in the NE quadrant

43. Example 10
a) Balance the field angles b) Compute the bearings or Azimuths c) Compute the latitudes and departures d)Determine the linear error of closure and the accuracy ratio. e) Balance the latitude and departure by use of the compass rule. f) Compute the coordinates of stations A,C and D if the coordinates of station B are 1000 N, 1000 E.

44. Example 11
For the given coordinates , compute the length and bearing for each side.
Point X Y A B
+200
+300 C
+600
-400 D
+350
-100

45. Example 12
If the azimuth of line AC is 42o30/00// and the station A is (200000,300000). Calculate the coordinate of point C. the distance of AC is equal to

46. Example 13
Four sides closed traverse has the following angles and distances. The bearing of AB is N17o 17/ E 6-12,6-13, 6-14

47. a) Balance the field angles
b) Compute the bearings and Azimuths
c) Compute the latitudes and departures
d)Determine the linear error of closure and the accuracy ratio.
e) Balance the latitude and departure by use of the compass rule.
f) Compute the coordinates of stations B,C and D if the coordinates of station A are 1000 m N, 1000 m E.

48. Example 13
Station K within the limits of five sided property. The coordinates of station K are 2, N, 2, E. azimuth angles and polar distances to the five property corners are as follows:

49. Compute the coordinates of the property corners A,B,C,D and E
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