1. Chapter 18 Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
18.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

2. Stage 3 Electron Transport
In electron transport,
electron carriers are used
hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one electron carrier to the next and then combine with oxygen to make H2O
are oxidized and reduced to provide energy for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

3. Electron Carriers
The electron transport system consists of a series of electron carriers that are
oxidized and reduced as hydrogen and/or electrons are transferred from one carrier to the next
FMN, Fe-S, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes
embedded in four enzyme complexes: I, II, III, and IV

4. Electron Transport Chain
In electron transport, coenzymes NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in enzyme complexes, providing electrons and hydrogen ions for ATP synthesis.

5. Enzyme Complex I
NADH transfers hydrogen ions and electrons to the enzymes and electron carriers of complex I and forms the oxidized coenzyme NAD. The hydrogen ions and electrons are transferred to the mobile electron carrier coenzyme Q (CoQ), which carries electrons to complex II. NADH + H+ + Q NAD+ + QH2

6. Enzyme Complex II
Enzyme complex II is used when FADH2 is generated in the citric acid cycle from conversion of succinate to fumarate. The hydrogen ions and electrons from FADH2 are transferred to coenzyme Q to yield QH2 and the oxidized coenzyme FAD. FADH2 + Q FAD + QH2

7. Enzyme Complex III
In enzyme complex III electrons from QH2 are transferred to cytochrome c. Cytochrome c, which contains Fe3+/Fe2+, is reduced when it gains an electron and oxidized when an electron is lost. As a mobile carrier, cytochrome c carries electrons to complex IV. QH2 + 2 cyt c (oxidized) Q + 2H+ + 2 cyt c (reduced)

8. Enzyme Complex IV
At enzyme complex IV electrons from cytochrome c are passed to other electron carriers until the electrons combine with hydrogen ions and oxygen (O2) to form water. 4 e− + 4H+ + Q2 2H2O

9. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is how H+ ions are involved in providing energy needed to produce ATP.
In the chemiosmotic model,
protons (H+) from complexes I, III, and IV move into the intermembrane space
protons return to matrix through ATP synthase, a protein complex providing for ATP synthesis

10. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Thus the process of oxidative phosphorylation couples the energy from electron transport to the synthesis of ATP from ADP. ADP + Pi + Energy ATP
ATP synthase

11. ATP Synthesis
At complex I the energy released from its oxidation is used to synthesize three ATP molecules. NADH + H+ + ½O2 + 3ADP + 3Pi NAD+ + H2O + 3ATP FADH2 + ½O2 + 2ADP + 2Pi FAD + H2O + 2ATP

12. ATP from Glycolysis
In glycolysis, the oxidation of glucose stores energy in 2 NADH and 2 ATP.
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm where hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are transferred to compounds for transport into the mitochondria.
The reaction for the shuttle is:
NADH + H+ + FAD NAD+ + FADH2
Cytoplasm Mitochondria

13. ATP from Glycolysis
Therefore, the transfer from NADH in the cytoplasm to FADH2 produces 2 ATPs rather than 3.
Glycolysis yields a total of 6 ATPs:
4 ATPs from 2 NADHs
2 ATPs from direct phosphorylation
Glucose pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH ( FADH2)
Glucose pyruvate + 6ATP

14. ATP from Oxidation of Two Pyruvates
Under aerobic conditions,
2 pyruvates enter the mitochondria and are oxidized to 2 acetyl CoA, CO2, and 2 NADHs.
2 NADHs enter electron transport to provide 6 ATPs
2 Pyruvate Acetyl CoA + 6ATP

15. ATP from the Citric Acid Cycle
One turn of the citric acid cycle provides 3 NADH  3 ATP = 9 ATP 1 FADH2  2 ATP = 2 ATP 1 GTP  1 ATP = 1 ATP Total = 12 ATP Because each glucose provides two acetyl CoA, two turns of the citric acid cycle produce 24 ATPs. 2 Acetyl CoA 4CO2 + 24ATP (two turns of citric acid cycle)

16. ATP from the Complete Oxidation of Glucose

17. The Complete Oxidation of Glucose

18. Learning Check
Classify each as a product of the citric acid cycle or electron transport chain. A. CO2 B. FADH2 C. NAD+ D. NADH E. H2O

19. Solution
Classify each as a product of the citric acid cycle or electron transport chain. A. CO2 citric acid cycle B. FADH2 citric acid cycle C. NAD+ electron transport chain D. NADH citric acid cycle E. H2O electron transport chain

20. Learning Check
Indicate the ATP yield for each under aerobic conditions. A. Complete oxidation of glucose B. FADH2 C. Acetyl CoA in citric acid cycle D. NADH E. Pyruvate decarboxylation

21. Solution
Indicate the ATP yield for each under aerobic conditions. A. Complete oxidation of glucose 36 ATPs B. FADH2 2 ATPs C. Acetyl CoA in citric acid cycle 12 ATPs D. NADH 3 ATPs E. Pyruvate decarboxylation 3 ATPs