1. Basics of APA 6th References
Carol Haefner, Ph.D.
Writing Lab Director
Dissertation Office Director

2. Basics of APA
Read chapters 1, 3, and 4 in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA; American Psychological Association, 2010; henceforth called the APA manual) to gain an understanding of what is expected in Sofia academic papers
Read chapters 6 and 7 for more information on citations, crediting sources, and references
Become familiar with the Sofia University Writing & Style Handbook available from the library
Explains Sofia departures from APA
Contains a brief summary of APA style rules
Includes sample title pages etc.
Includes articles by past and present faculty pertaining to writing at Sofia

3. This Presentation
This presentation highlights the basics of APA reference style
See Chapter 7 (pp ) in the APA manual for detailed information on references
Page numbers refer to the APA manual unless otherwise specified

4. APA References APA uses reference lists not bibliographies - p. 180
Every source cited should be in the reference list
ONLY sources cited should be in the reference list
Sofia style references are single-spaced within the reference and double-spaced between references (see more examples on pp in the Sofia University Writing & Style Handbook)

5. APA References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision, 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Anderson, R. (1998). Introduction. In W. Braud & R. Anderson (Eds.), Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: Honoring human experience (pp. xix-xxi). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

6. APA References Books: Entire book, print version - p
APA References Books: Entire book, print version - p. 203; publication information – pp
Incorrect
Berger, P.L., and Luckmann, T. (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor.
Correct (APA uses a hanging indent)
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge. New York, NY: Anchor.

7. APA References Books: Entire book, print version - p. 203
Incorrect
APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (TR, 4th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.
Correct
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision, 4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

8. APA References Books: Electronic version of print book - p. 203
Incorrect
Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism (2nd ed.). Retrieved from
Correct
Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism (2nd ed.). [ebrary version]. Retrieved from

9. APA References Books: Same author, same publication date
Singer, I. (2009a). The nature of love: Courtly and romantic. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Singer, I. (2009b). The nature of love: Plato to Luther. [Kindle version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.
Singer, I. (2009c). The nature of love: The modern world. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

10. APA References Books: Translated book - pp. 202-204
Mallison, J. (Trans.). (2004). The Gheranda Samhita: The original Sanskrit and an English translation. Woodstock, NY: YogaVidya.com.
Citation: Mallison (2004) or (Mallison, 2004)
If the book has an author and was translated by someone else:
Smith, J. (2004). The Gheranda Samhita (Mallison, J., Trans.). Woodstock, NY: YogaVidya.com. (Original work published 1688)
Citation: Smith (1688/2004) or (Smith, 1688/2004)

11. APA References Books: Book chapter, edited book – p
APA References Books: Book chapter, edited book – p. 204; publisher information – p. 187
Incorrect
Anderson, R. (1998). Introduction. In Braud, W. & Anderson, R. (Editors), Transpersonal Research Methods for the Social Sciences: Honoring Human Experience (pp. xix -xxxi). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications
Correct
Anderson, R. (1998). Introduction. In W. Braud & R. Anderson (Eds.), Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: Honoring human experience (pp. xix-xxxi). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

12. APA References Books: Translated, book in a series
Use this style if you used the book from the Bollingen Series:
Jung, C. G. (1990) The archetypes of the collective unconscious (2nd ed.; R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). In The Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 9, Part 1, Bollingen Series XX; H. Read, M. Fordham, G. Adler, & W. McGuire, Series Eds.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1959)
If you used the stand alone version use this style:
Jung, C. G. (1990) The archetypes of the collective unconscious (2nd ed.; R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1959)
Citation: Jung (1959/1990) or (Jung, 1959/1990) 12

13. APA References Books: Translated, book in a series
Use this style if you used the book from the Bollingen Series:
Jung, C. G. (1990) The archetypes of the collective unconscious (2nd ed.; R. F. C. Hull, Trans.). In The Collected Works of C. G. Jung (Vol. 9, Part 1, Bollingen Series XX; H. Read, M Fordham, G. Adler, & W. McGuire, Series Eds.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1959)
Note: Original work published information is used when when referencing the English version of a non-English source 13

14. APA References Journal Article: Without DOI - p. 199
Incorrect
Alksnis, C., Desmarais, S. Jr., and Wood, E. (1996). Gender Differences in Scripts for Different Types of Dates. Sex Roles, 34(5-6), pg
Correct
Alksnis, C., Desmarais, S., & Wood, E. (1996). Gender differences in scripts for different types of dates. Sex Roles, 34(5-6), 14

15. APA References Journal Article: With DOI - p. 198
Incorrect
Fisher, H.E., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., and Brown, L.L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. Archs of Sex Bhr, 31(5), DOI: /A:
Correct
Fisher, H. E., Aron, A., Mashek, D., Li, H., & Brown, L. L. (2002). Defining the brain systems of lust, romantic attraction, and attachment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31(5), doi: /A: 15

16. Notes about DOIs DOI - Digital Object Identifier
Creates a persistent actionable identifier to a source
Use DOI (all caps) when writing about Digital Object Identifiers in text.
Use doi in an APA reference when applicable
Examples:
doi: /A: (old format precede number with doi:)
(old format do not precede number with doi:)
(new format do not precede number with doi:) 16

17. APA References Online newspaper article - p. 200
Incorrect
Van De Mark, B. (August 9, 2007). Asexuality: Beyond the acronyms. Gay and Lesbian Times. Retrieved from
Correct
Van De Mark, B. (2007, August 9). Asexuality: Beyond the acronyms. Gay and Lesbian Times. Retrieved from 17

18. APA References Online reference work (including online dictionaries), no author or editor - p. 205
Grey-A. (n.d.). In AVENwiki. Retrieved February 1, 2011, from
Citation: Grey-A (n.d.) or (Grey-A, n.d.)
Note: In the APA manual you will notice that APA 6th does not typically use the retrieval date in references. The retrieval date is used for this wiki source because, as with all wikis, the information could change over time.
Wikis, including Wikipedia, are not considered scholarly sources 18

19. APA References Resources APA manual: pp. 193-224
APA website:
APA blog:
questions to:
Sofia University Writing & Style Handbook
Free tutoring services -

20. Questions?
Contact Carol Haefner: