1. Industrialization, Urbanization, Labor & New Political Theories
Ms. Garratt
Honors World History
Pages

2. Working Class Factory workers Women Children Labor conditions
14-16 hours work days
Low wages
Hazardous conditions
No compensation for injuries
Women & children paid less
Patience Kershaw’s story

7. Adam Smith and Laissez-Faire Economics
Physiocrat who believed in no gov regulation or interference with the forces of supply and demand (S/D)
Believed that natural laws (S/D) governed the economy
Free market would result in lower prices.
Lower prices would increase consumerism.
Growing economy would provide jobs.
Greater prosperity would encourage greater capital investments

8. Thomas Malthus & Population
Theory that population would outpace food supply
The only checks on this would be war, disease & famine.
Urged population control.
Incorrect theory, resources have kept up with population

10. David Ricardo: The Iron Law of Wages
When wages are high families have more children.
More children increased the supply of labor which causes wages to decrease.
Also leads to greater unemployment and misery for working classes

11. Jeremy Bentham & Utilitarianism
Believed in government intervention.
Goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”
Laws should be judged by their “utility” whether or not they promoted happiness or pain?

12. John Stuart Mill Disciple of Bentham
Laws or actions were good if they promoted happiness; wrong if they produced pain
Favored government
intervention .
Supported greater suffrage for women & workers so they could gain political influence & work for reforms

13. Methodism John Wesley Religious revival mid- 1700s
Adoption of sober way & moral ways
Salvation
Helped channel frustration & anger from revolution to social reform

14. New Middle Class Benefitted from IR Came from 3 groups:
Merchants & entrepreneurs
Inventors
Skilled artisans
New standard of living
New way of life

15. Socialism Opposed laissez-faire
Condemned industrial capitalism as a tool of the rich
Advocated that “people as a whole” or the government should own and operate the “means of production” (industries, railroads, factories, etc.) instead of private individuals.

16. Utopianism Early Socialists Self-sufficient communities
Share all property
Based on Thomas More’s Utopia
Robert Owen was mill owner
Built New Lanark as community where workers lived well
Did not allow child labor & encouraged labor unions.

17. Robert Owen’s New Lanark

18. Karl Marx & Scientific Socialism

19. Socialism >Communism
History determined by economics
All history is a history of class struggle
The bourgeoisie own the “means of production” & control wealth
The proletariat are exploited working class
Predicted a class struggle in which the proletariat would triumph.
Proletariat would establish a classless society in which wealth & power would be equally distributed.

20. Communist Manifesto Reading

21. Why Marxism Failed? History based on scientific laws?
Assumptions were wrong
Predictions never came to fruition.
Opposite occurred (sol)
Unity among workers v. nationalism.
Reforms gained through participation in the political process not revolution
Russia, Cuba, China….communism was forced upon people