1. Nonrenewable Energy Resources
Mineral Resources
- natural material in Earth’s crust useful for products
Types
1) metallic resources (iron, copper)
2) nonmetallic resources (sand, salt)
3) energy resources (oil, coal)
* All are nonrenewable at current rate of use*

2. Energy Resources Facts - 4 main sources:
coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear
- U.S. is largest energy user
- coal use is dropping
- nuclear power has leveled off
- oil, natural gas use is increasing

3. Hydropower, geothermal, World’s Commercial Energy Use
Nuclear power 6%
Hydropower, geothermal,
solar, wind 6%
Natural
Gas
22%
RENEWABLE 16%
Biomass
10%
Coal
23%
Oil
33%
NONRENEWABLE 84%
World’s Commercial Energy Use

4. United States’ Commercial Energy Use
Nuclear power 8%
Hydropower
geothermal
solar, wind 3%
Natural
Gas
24%
RENEWABLE 6%
Coal
23%
Oil
39%
NONRENEWABLE 94%
Biomass 3%
United States’ Commercial Energy Use

5. Electric resistance heating (coal-fired plant) 0.4
Space Heating
Passive solar
5.8
Natural gas
4.9
Oil
4.5
Active solar
1.9
Coal gasification
1.5
Electric resistance heating
(coal-fired plant)
0.4
Electric resistance heating
(natural-gas-fired plant)
0.4
Net Energy
Available energy minus energy required to find, extract, process, & transport
Electric resistance heating
(nuclear plant)
0.3

6. Originations of Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Crude Oil
- combustible liquid formed from dead microorganisms
Natural Gas
- gas formed above oil reservoirs containing a mixture
of methane, propane, ethane, & butane
Coal
- combustible solid formed from plant remains
Nuclear Power
- energy given off from nuclei reactions (fission/fusion)

7. Electricity Produced by Coal

8. Electricity from Nuclear Power

9. Video Links: “How does Nuclear Power Work?”

10. Gases
Refining Crude Oil
Different products have different boiling points, so heat is used to distill them
Gasoline
Aviation fuel
Heating oil
Heated
crude oil
Diesel oil
Naphtha
Grease
and wax
Furnace
Asphalt

11. Historical Cost of Oil 70 60 50 40 Oil price per barrel 30 20 10 1950
(1997 dollars) 10
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year

12. Trade-Offs Advantages Disadvantages
Conventional Oil
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supply for years
Low cost (with huge subsidies)
High net energy yield
Easily transported within
and between countries
Low land use
Technology is well
developed
Efficient distribution system
Need to find substitute within 50 years
Artifically low price encourages waste and discourages search for alternatives
Air pollution when burned
Releases CO2 when burned
Moderate water pollution

13. Conventional Natural Gas
Trade-Offs
Conventional Natural Gas
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supplies (125 years)
Nonrenewable resource
High net energy yield
Releases CO2 when burned
Low cost (with huge subsidies)
Methane (a greenhouse gas) can leak from pipelines
Less air pollution than other fossil fuels
Difficult to transfer from one country
to another
Lower CO2 emissions than
other fossil fuels
Shipped across ocean as highly
explosive LNG
Moderate environmental impact
Sometimes burned off and
wasted at wells because of low
price
Low land use
Easily transported by pipeline
Requires pipelines
Good fuel for fuel cells

14. Trade-Offs Advantages Disadvantages
Coal
Advantages
Disadvantages
Ample supplies
(225–900 years)
Very high environmental impact
Severe land disturbance, air
pollution, and water pollution
High net energy yield
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
High land use (including mining)
Mining and combustion
technology well-developed
Severe threat to human health
High CO2 emissions when burned
Air pollution can be reduced with improved
technology (but adds
to cost)
Releases radioactive particles and
mercury into air

15. Trade-Offs Advantages Disadvantages
Nuclear Energy
Advantages
Disadvantages
Large fuel supply
High cost (even with large subsidies)
Low environmental
impact (without accidents)
Low net energy yield
High environmental impact (with major accidents)
Emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal
Moderate land disruption and water pollution
(without accidents)
Catastrophic accidents can happen (Chernobyl)
No widely acceptable solution for
long-term storage of radioactive
wastes and decommissioning worn-out plants
Moderate land use
Low risk of accidents because
of multiple safety systems (except
in 35 poorly designed and run
reactors in former Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe)
Subject to terrorist attacks
Spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons

16. CO2 emitted per unit energy
Coal-fired
electricity
286%
Synthetic oil and
gas produced
from coal
150%
100%
Coal
92%
Oil sand
86%
Oil
CO2 emitted per unit energy
58%
Natural gas
17%
Nuclear power