1. Reform Movements— Quick Walk Through

2. Reform Movements in U.S. History
Reform: to make changes to a social, political, or economic institution or practice in an effort to improve it
In U.S. history, reform usually happens slowly; examples:
Electoral laws
Abolition
An exception?  gay rights
In P4-5, we have many reform movements in the North, generally with little success nationally: education, temperance, asylum, women’s rights, etc.

3. Why do Reform Movements Emerge in P4?
Reason 1: Northern industrialization throughout the 1800s led to urban problems that were increasingly apparent to the middle class
Traditional charities weren’t adequate to deal with the vulnerable
New York City

4. Why do Reform Movements Emerge in P4?
Reason 2: Evangelical fervor increased due to the Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s), which was similar to the First (1720s- ’40s) but focused more on the individual’s duty to society
Northern religious reformers— often women—became obsessed with perfecting themselves + their communities  reform efforts

5. Example: Temperance
Excessive drinking led to violence, crime, domestic abuse, economic problems
Reformers—mostly evangelical women—tried to prohibit drinking, beginning in the 1820s
Criticism: were quite nativist (antiimmigrant) in their rhetoric
Had some success – drinking decreased by mid-1840s, but did economic calamity (Jackson) cause that?
Generally men didn’t appreciate the role of women in this movement + immigrants—who drank more on average than native born Americans—were hostile to temperance reform
National prohibition = 1920; repealed in 1933

6. Example: Abolitionism
Reformers—mostly evangelical men and women—helped slaves escape, flooded the nation with its literature (i.e. William Lloyd Garrison)
Only got about 10% support due to widespread opposition:
Southerners were outraged (obviously) + tried to suppress abolitionist speech of any kind
Northerners often objected because they were largely antiblack + feared miscegenation (etc.)
Abolition wouldn’t come until the end of the Civil War, with the 13th Amendment (1865), but sharecropping took its place

7. Example: Women’s Rights Movement
Women wanted to go from “Republican Mothers” devoid of rights to active participants in the republic
Became involved in the reforms and church
In 1848, 300 women and men attended the Seneca Falls Convention
Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, modeled after the Declaration of Independence (1776)
Detailed the oppressions men had imposed on women, just as Jefferson had done for the king
Reasserted republican principles but with a twist—men AND women have unalienable rights that governments must protect

8. Example: Women’s Rights Movement
Criticism: expressed nativist sentiment (lousy immigrants can vote and women can’t?!)
Only 100 of the 300 signed because passages on elective franchise were seen as too radical
Women wouldn’t receive the vote until 1920

9. Excerpt from Seneca Falls (1848)
The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has never permitted her to exercise her inalienable right to the elective franchise.
He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had no voice.
He has made her, if married, in the eye of the law, civilly dead.
He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns…
After depriving her of all rights as a married woman, if single and the owner of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it.
He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments
He closes against her all the avenues to wealth and distinction
He has endeavored, in every way that he could, to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willing to lead a dependent and abject life.