1. Country Specific Vaccine can Effectively Control Foot and Mouth Disease in Endemic Setting
M. Afzal, M.J. Arshad, M. Hussain, E. Khan, N. Panhwar and A. Ahmad FAO, Pakistan Office, Islamabad

2. FMD Vaccination in Pakistan
Vaccination is an important tool for protecting animals against FMD
Vaccination coverage is < 5% in Pakistan (cattle and buffalo population around 80 million)
Besides quantity of the vaccine, quality is the major issue
Frequent outbreaks of FMD were reported in animals even after vaccination
Locally manufactured FMD vaccines – issues with antigenic mass and quality control
Imported FMD vaccines – concerns with presence of strains not able to protect circulating FMD viruses
Informally available FMD vaccines – Mostly smuggled into the country without any cold chain
Farmers seriously doubt that vaccination can provide protection in their animals

3. Development of country specific FMD vaccine
Most of the FMD outbreaks (>8000 from ) captured by the veterinary service and tissue samples collected
Circulating FMD virus strains identified and genotyped at National Veterinary Labs, World Reference Laboratory and Plum Island Animal Disease Research Centre
Vaccine matching studies undertaken ((NVL, WRL and PIADRC)
Vaccine specially got manufactured from an international institution
Vaccine storage and delivery to the field ensured under cool chain

4. FMD Vaccines used in Pakistan
Serotype O –
PanAsia- 2
Serotype A – Iran 05
Serotype Asia-1 –
Shamir
Concentration of
all strains in the
vaccine > 6 PD50
Vaccine 2013 – 2014
Serotype O – PanAsia-2
Serotype A – Turkey 06
Serotype Asia-1 – Sind 08
Concentration of all strains in the vaccine > 6 PD50
Vaccine
Serotype O - PanAsia-2 (>6 PD50)
Serotype A – Kabardino-Balkaria-2013 (>10 PD50)
Serotype Asia-1 - Sind 08 (>6 PD50 )

5. Vaccination in dairy colonies
Dairy Colony
Farms (#)
Animals #
Initial
New
Total
Khalsa area Peshawar
330
10000
17983
27983
Landhi, Karachi 27
6360
24736
31096
Nagori Society, Karachi 28
4757
13475
18232
Rakh Chandra Rai Lahore
183
7014
13874
20888
Eastern bypass, Quetta 16
3927
6463
10390
Quary Road, Quetta 33
7567
7136
14703
Livestock farms, Mirpur 30
945
811
1756
Dairy Farms, Islamabad
309
6529
1790
8319
956
47099
86268
133367

6. Vaccination in Smallholders Rural Production System
Province / Region (# Districts)
Villages (#)
Farmers (#)
Vaccinated Animals (#)
Initial
New
Total
Punjab (3) 12
2424
16203
2818
19021
Sindh (4) 49
2164
14895
250
15145
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (3) 15
2407
13887
5752
19639
Balochistan (3) 14
931
9255
2921
12176
Fed Admn Tribal Areas (3)
2487
10833
11071
21904
Gilgit-Baltistan (3)
2672
15105 -
Azad Jammu & Kashmir (3) 31
6058
10805
4731
15536
Total (22)
145
19143
90983
27543
118526

7. Vaccination at Rural Breeding Farms
Province
Farms #
Animal #
Punjab 18
8890
Sindh 5
1064
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
735
Total 28
10689
No case of FMD recorded in vaccinated animals

8. FMD Vaccination in Desert Cattle Farming
S. No.
Field Team
Tobas (#)
Total population
Primary vaccination
Booster dose
6 months after booster 1
Channanpir 36
10,655
1,793
1,864
1,811 2
Jugaitpir 30
7,651
1,221
1,000
999 3
148-DB 34
10,400
1,486
1,476
1,390 4
Head Farid 16
8,040
2,000
1,795
1,540 5
Qila Darawar 15
7,530
982
880
Total
131
44,276
7,500
7,117
6,620

9. Post-vaccination sero-monitoring on Day 30
Production System
Tested sera (#)
Animals (%) with protective ELISA antibody titres against SP
Serotype O
Serotype A
Serotype Asia-1
Dairy colonies
2333
90.1
88.3
86.5
Smallholder rural
760
82.0
80.1
83.9
Rural Breeding Farms
171
80.6
79.8
72.8
Desert Cattle Farming
286
77.3
80.7
61.9

10. FMD Vaccination in Yaks
Yak are special to high mountain areas and are important source of livelihood. No information on FMD in yaks in Pakistan
Blood samples taken from yaks were positive for FMD-NSP antibodies [66 out of 136 (48.5 %)] before vaccination
Vaccination trial undertaken in Ghizer district (9 villages) in Feb 2012 in 4324 yaks
FMD outbreak (approx 2000 yaks affected with serotype A) recorded in July 2013 in Nala Khukhush in district Ghizer in unvaccinated animals
No clinical case recorded in vaccinated animals
Analysis of serum samples collected from vaccinated animals shows good antibody response in yaks. Average ELISA PI values for antibodies against SP are shown below (n=87)
Serotype
Day 0
Day 30
Day 210 O 39 84 89 A 42 74 87
Asia-1 44 65 82

11. Vaccination on Cost Sharing Basis (Up to Sept 2016)
Province / Region
Farms (#)
Vaccinated Animals (#)
Punjab
571
83,904
Sindh
1403
266,102
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 13
550
Balochistan 76
6,765
Azad Jammu & Kashmir
1013
23,700
Islamabad Capital Territory 17
725
Total
3093
381,746

12. Conclusions
In endemic setting, characterization of circulating viruses and their vaccine matching studies can help to develop country specific FMD vaccine
Country specific FMD vaccine can provide good protection in endemic setting
For first timers (calves and adults), always ensure booster vaccination after 3 to 4 weeks of primary dose
Calves may be vaccinated at 3 months of age
Maintain cool chain during vaccine storage and field use

13. Acknowledgements
Excellent support of all livestock departments particularly field veterinarians for the implementation of project activities
FMD-WRL UK for sub-typing and vaccine matching
PIADRC, New York for collaboration in genotyping and vaccine matching
Support of AHC Office and NVL
All stakeholders particularly livestock farmers
USDA for financial assistance

14. Thank you!