1. Time-Space Convergence
Distance-Decay
Means that places closer to one another are more likely to interact as a result of the friction of distance.
What has happened to Distance Decay and why?

2. Types of Transport
What reasons would you choose one mode of transport over another
Item to be transported
The cost
The speed it needs transporting
Compare transport of strawberries to coal for example.

3. Operating Costs include
Overheads – cost of equipment
Variable costs e.g. fuel
Indirect costs eg insurance
Over long distances shipping is very competitive as it has low operating costs
They also benefit from ECONOMIES OF SCALE (cheaper to send in bulk)

4. Because of economies of scale things get bigger

5. What are the advantages and Disadvantages of different modes of transport?
Water (ocean)
Cheaper over long distances
No cost in building the route
Good for bulky, low cost goods, e.g. coals, ores, grains
Costs spread over a large cargo
Slow
Very limited routes to deep water ports
Ships expensive to build and maintain
Environmental problems
Ports take up great space
Air
Faster over long distances
Limited congestion
Good for high-value transport such as people, hi-tech cargo and urgent cargo also some perishables e.g. flowers.
Lots of land needed
Noise
Expensive to build and maintain
No flexibility of routes
Very expensive
Can carry only small loads.

6. Comparing Costs

7. Tasks 1. Geographyalltheway – watch james may, make notes
Timelines for development of air and Water transport
Notes from page 152