1. Socio-Cultural Issues Affecting Performance
Contemporary Issues
Ethics and Deviance in Sport

2. Understand the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport
Learning Objectives
Learning Objective:
Understand the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport
Learning Outcomes:
All: Describe the types of drugs/doping, reasons for and strategies to prevent violence and the effects of gambling in sport
Most: Explain, giving sporting examples, the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport
Some: Evaluate the effects of drugs, violence and gambling in sport, on the performer and the sport

3. Key Terms
Drugs
Doping
Violence
Gambling

4. DRUGS AND DOPING IN SPORT
Doping debate – should athletes use drugs?
A history of Olympic drug cheats
Lance Armstrong – I’d do it again

5. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping
Legal Supplements / methods
Prohibited Methods and Illegal Drugs
Protein
Anabolic Steroids
Creatine
Beta Blockers
Cooling aids
Stimulants
Intermittent Hypoxic Training
Narcotic Analgesics
Glycogen loading
Diuretics
Caffeine
Peptide hormones, mimetics, analogues
Bicarbonate
Substances with anti-oestrogenic activity
Nitrate
Masking agents
Blood Doping
Enhancement of oxygen transfer
Administration of products that enhance the uptake, transport and delivery of oxygen
Pharmacological, chemical and physical manipulation
Gene doping

6. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping
Many sports performers use legal supplements to maximise training and performance in sport. Even these could be viewed by some people as cheating since they aid performance, but they are accepted by sports administrators because they do not significantly enhance performance or significantly affect the performer’s health and well-being
Legal supplements – e.g. vitamins and minerals are freely available. However some manufacturers claims that they help sports performance are based on questionable or conflicting research. Such supplements may not be safe to use, particularly in high doses.

7. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping
Advantages of taking legal supplements
Some sports drinks / vitamins claim to help build muscle, increase stamina, weight control, improve flexibility, rehydrate or aid recovery.
Creatine – a high energy compound that helps to store and provide energy so you can train for longer and increase performance during high-intensity exercise
Energy drinks – water keeps you hydrated, electrolytes such as sodium enhance the bodies ability to hold water. Some energy drinks contain carbohydrates that can give extra energy and some provide extra protein to help prevent muscle loss

8. Legal supplements vs Illegal drugs and doping
Disadvantages of taking legal supplements
Some supplements can contain banned substances or be contaminated during manufacturing
Some may not be what they seem and may not contain what is stated on the packet
There are concerns over long-term health implications of taking creatine for prolonged periods as it could have an undesirable effect on the digestive system and result in muscular and cardiovascular issues as well as potentially increasing the risk of cancer
Many energy drinks are extremely high in sugar and prolonged use can contribute to heath issues such as obesity and tooth decay
Philosophical argument – it’s not in the spirit of fair play as not all performers have access to supplements, or they may not be able to afford them.
Many nutritionists agree that a well-planned, balanced diet and regular intake of water are all that is required for a sports performer at most levels of competition

9. Reasons why elite performers use illegal drugs / doping
Pressure to succeed (from coaches, peers, parents etc)
Desire to win
Political pressures (Russia/East Germany – state sponsored doping regime)
Monetary rewards (prize money / sponsorship)
Status
Everyone else is taking them so why shouldn’t I?

10. Consequences / implications to society, sport, performers
Health issues
Banned / stripped of medals
Sports become tainted, resulting in a struggle to gain sponsorship, and a loss of public support
Sponsors are reluctant to lend their brand to athletes who are under suspicion
Damaging press reports leads to supporters becoming disaffected
It reflects the culture of society – seen as corrupt

11. Strategies to stop the use of illegal drugs and doping in sport
WADA
List of banned substances
Research
Regular random drug testing
Education
Pressure from coaches/other athletes
Stricter punishments for drug use
Stripped of medals
Banned from the sport (potentially whole nations)

12. VIOLENCE IN SPORT
Violence – intense physical force that is directed towards harming another individual and can cause injury or death
Examining violence in sport

13. Implications of violence to society, sport and performers
Role models – children learn violent behaviours
Criminal punishment
Lose sponsorship
Banned – from sport or watching it
Makes the sport look bad

14. Causes of violence in relation to players and spectators
‘Win at all costs’ mentality
Aggression
Frustration
Reflection on society
Drugs / alcohol
Rivalry
Media
Deindivduation

15. Strategies to prevent violence in relation to players and spectators
Educate
Rules – enforced by referees and coaches
Criminal investigations
Banning violent players / spectators
Fines
Role models
CCTV

16. GAMBLING IN SPORT
Gambling is a big business worldwide and has become truly global – the growing availabliity of the internet has given rise to the rapid onset of gambling online.
Match fixing
Bribery
Illegal sports betting

17. Match fixing / Bribery / illegal betting
Match fixing - When a sports competition is played to a completely or partly determined result. It is against the law
e.g. South Africa cricket captain Hansie Cronje admitted taking a £68,000 payment from bookmakers for providing them with match information to fix the results of games. He was banned from the sport.
e.g football match – Man Utd beat Liverpool 2-1 at Old Trafford, the visitors missed a penalty. An investigation was launched after complaints from bookmakers following a run of bets on the correct score line with a goal in each half.
e.g. a businessman was convicted of being involved in an Asian betting scam when a series of floodlights failed in top-flight English matches in 1997, they failed at points in the game where the scores were level, a result favourable to the Far East betting syndicate.
Jockeys are banned from betting on all horse racing, while trainers can back their own horse to win, but not lose.
Spot fixing – when a specific aspect of a sports competition is illegally pre-determined e.g. a football player being sent off at a particular period of the game, or a cricket bowler delivering a wide at a particular point during a game.
List of match fixing incidents -
Cricket match fixing -