1. TEXTILE DEPARTMENT IITD
Industry Day Theme # {Theme 4}: {Sustainable Habitat}
Development of Fire Retardant Textile by Exploring Bio-macromolecule: A Sustainable Approach
Shantanu Basak, Subhadeep Paul, S. Wazed Ali*
Abstract
PRE (Pomegranate Rind Extract), a wastage bio-macromolecule has been explored as noble and sustainable fire retardant on cotton fabric
Extracts have been applied to the fabric at different concentration at elevated temperature by following hot dip pad method
400 gram per liter PRE treated cotton fabric showed self extinguishing behavior(Limiting Oxygen Index of 32 and heat release rate of 30kW/m2 ) compared to control cotton fabric showed the LOI value of 18 and high heat release of 70kW/m2
Thermo gravimetric curve of treated fabric revealed 50% more weight retention at 450oC compared to the control fabric at the same temperature
GC-MS analysis showed the presence of high molecular weight aromatic phenolic compounds, tannin based compound and the nitrogen containing alkaloids, responsible for fire resistant effect of the treated fabric
The concerned treatment has no adverse effect on the tensile properties of the fabric.
Result
Burning Behaviour
Flammability Parameters
Flammability parameters
Control
Pomegranate rind extract treated cellulosic cotton fabric
PRE used in different concentration
PRE (400gpl)
PRE (200gpl)
PRE(100gpl)
Add on (%) -
35 ( CV%-5.8)
24 (CV%-4.5)
18 (CV%-7.3)
LOI 18 32 28 24
Vertical flammability ( 250mm*40mm)
Flame time (s) 60
Nil 5
Afterglow time (s) 10
500
710
420
Char length (mm) 30
Burning rate (mm/min)
250
3.6
20.83
35.71
Introduction
Common fire retardant like borax, boric acid, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide effective at high add on (>30%) and also hampers the physical properties of fabric
Halogen based fire retardants are effective at low add on but releases toxic chemicals like dioxins and furan which are hazardous for human health
THPC (Tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride) has the main problem of formaldehyde release which is carcinogenic in nature and causes difficulty in baby wear and garments (>60 ppm)
Cotton fabric requires at least 30% add on of Pyrovatex (Phosphorus and Nitrogen based) for FR properties which hampers physical properties of fabric and there is a high consumption of chemicals
The challenge is to develop a new category of fire retardants which are:
Easily available
Comparatively cheaper
Non toxic(Eco-friendly approach)
Maintain the physical properties of the fabric after application
Materials and Methods
TGA of PRE Treated Cotton Fabric C T
Weight %
Char Morphology
Temperature(oC)
Heat Release Behaviour
GCMS Analysis of PRE Extract
Concentrations of PRE Extract Used
100 gpl
200 gpl
400 gpl
TEXTILE DEPARTMENT IITD
Intensity(%)
Retention time(min)
Chemical component of PRE
Chemical Formulae
Mass/Charge
1,3 amino guanidine
CH7N5
89 ( blowing agent)
1,4 dioxane -2, 5 dione
C4H4O4
116
3 amino1,2 propane diol
C3H9NO2
91 ( alkaloid andN2 base)
Nona hexacontanoic acid
C69 H138O2
998 ( poly-phenolic comp.)
Piperedine
[(CH2)5NH
85 ( alkaloid)
Carbamic acid
CH3NO2
61 ( acid source)
Hydrazine methyl
CH3 (NH) NH2
46 ( alkaloid, blow agent)
2-prpanone, 1-3-dihydroxy
C3H6O3
90 ( sugar based , carbon source)
1-propanol, 2-amino
C3H9NO
75 ( alkaloid, blow agent)
Smoke Analysis of the Fabric
Bleached Cotton
Fabric
PRE(150gpl)
TPP(30gpl)
Finished Fabric
Hot Dip(15
Presence of no flammable gases
Conclusions:
PRE has been explored as a bio-macromolecule that can be used to make cotton fabric fire retardant
The process is eco-friendly
Low amount of chemicals are used compared to conventional chemicals with add on optimized to ~ 20 %
The process is more sustainable and has no hazardous effect on human health or environment
Does not affect any fabric properties
Heat release rate of PRE and PRE + 3% TPP treated fabric are 83 % and 81% lower compared to the control fabric
References:
A.R. Horrocks, Flame retardant challenges for textiles and fibres, Polym. Degrad. Stab. 96 (2011) 377–390
2. S. Basak, S.W. Ali, Sustainable fire retardancy of textiles using bio-macromolecules,Polym. Degrad. Stab. 133 (2016) 47–64.
S. Basak, and S. Wazed Ali. "Fire resistant behaviour of cellulosic textile functionalized with wastage plant bio-molecules: A comparative scientific report. International journal of biological macromolecules 114 (2018)
J. Alongi , C. Colleoni, G. Rosace, G. Malucelli, Thermal and fire stability of the cotton fabrics coated with hybrid phosphorous doped silica films, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim, 110 (2012)
5. S. Basak, P.G. Patil, A.J. Shaikh, A.K. Samanta, Green coconut shell extract and boric acid: new formulation for making thermally stable cellulosic paper, J. Chem.Technol. Biotechnol. 91 (2016) 2871–2881.
6. Shukla S. Basak S, Ali SW & Chattopadhyay R. Development of fire retardant sisal yarn. Cellu. 24 (2016)
M Seshama, H Khatri, M Suther, S Basak & S.W Ali Bulk Vs nano ZnO: Influence of fire retardant behaviour on sisal fibre yarn. Carbohydr. Polym. 175 (2017)
S Basak, S.W. Ali Leveraging flame retardant efficacy of the pomegranate rind extract: a novel biomolecule on the lingo-cellulosic material, Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 144 (2017)
Acknowledgement:
Authors would like to thank Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Mumbai, Govt. of India for sponsoring doctoral research work of the one of the author (S. Basak) of this project work.
Industrial Significance:
Technology Readiness Level:
Ready for Home Textiles and Decorative Textile application where wash durability is not an issue
The application on garments--- Scientific trials under progress to improve wash durability
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