1. Cell Structure and Function

2. 1. Cell –
Smallest unit that can carry out all of the activities necessary for life
Aka: the basic units of life

3. Cell Theory 3 Parts of the Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things.
New cells are produced from existing cells.

4. Human cell Bacteria cell

5. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and have a large surface-to-volume ratio means that nutrients can easily and rapidly reach any part of the cells interior.
Eukaryotic cell- larger cells which means nutrients cannot rapidly diffuse to all interior parts of the cell.
Why eukaryotic cells require a variety of specialized internal organelles to carry out metabolism, provide energy, and transport chemicals throughout the cell

6. 2 Main Types of Cells

7. A. Prokaryotes -have NO nucleus and NO membrane bound organelles.
3. Types of Cells
A. Prokaryotes -have NO nucleus and NO membrane bound organelles.

8. PROKARYOTE Pro = “before”, karyon = “nucleus”
4. Single Cell
“PRO” means “NO”
contain genetic information but NO NUCLEUS
Ex: Only Bacteria
They grow, reproduce, respond to the environment, and some can move by gliding along surfaces with the help of flagellum.

9. Figure 7.4 A prokaryotic cell

10. 5. Eukaryotes -have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Eu = “true”, karyon = “nucleus”
Eukaryotic cells require a variety of specialized internal organelles to carry out metabolism, provide energy, and transport chemicals throughout the cell

11. Eukaryotic Cell

12. 6. EUKARYOTE Summary Can be unicellular or multicellular
Always HAS A NUCLEUS that seperates genetic information from the rest of the cell.
Has membrane bound organelles.
Examples: plants, animals, fungi and protists.
Divided into 2 major parts: nucleus and cytoplasm

13. Organelle = tiny specialized organs
7. Organelles
Organ = A group of tissues with one or a few functions : heart, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, skin, kidney, etc.)
-elle = small or tiny
Organelle = tiny specialized organs

14. 8. CELL MEMBRANE – “strainer or screen” (thin flexible barrier around the cell)
Semi-permeable – regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Protects cell & holds cell together

15. c. Made of phospholipids
d. Also called the Plasma Membrane

16. CYTOPLASM- portion of the cell outside the nucleus (jelly-like material)
2 purposes of cytoplasm:
Supports cell parts
Allows cell parts to move

17. 10. NUCLEUS – “brain” contains all the cell’s DNA and with it coded instructions for making proteins.
Control center of the cell

18. 3a. CHROMOSOMES
Contains the DNA/genes that direct the making of proteins to make an organisms traits
i. Chromatin is long thin invisible DNA
ii. Chromosomes are short fat condensed visible DNA

19. 11. NUCLEOLUS
Controls cell reproduction and makes ribosomes which make proteins

20. 12. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

21. 13. VACUOLES – “storage boxes”
a. Storage of food and water, wastes and enzymes
b. Animal cells have many small ones while plant cells have one large one
Plant Vacuole

22. 14. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM “bus” (highway)
Transport system in the cell
The site where lipids of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.
c. Rough ER with ribosomes and smooth without ribosomes.

23. 15. RIBOSOMES -Produce proteins for the cell “protein factories”

24. 16. MITOCHONDRIA (powerhouse)
a. Converts stored food into energy ATP for the cell to use.

25. 17. GOLGI BODY – “packaging plant” (post office)
a. Package & exports protein from the cell
Hair, finger nails are good examples of these proteins

26. ORGANELLES
FOUND IN
ONLY
ANIMAL CELLS

27. ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
18. CENTRIOLE
Small part of animal cell that helps in cell division

28. ANIMAL CELLS ONLY 19. LYSOSOME (garbage collector)
a. Contain enzymes that digest or gets rid of worn out cell parts, bacteria or viruses
b. Found in carnivorous plants

29. ORGANELLES FOUND IN
ONLY
PLANT CELLS

30. 20. CELL WALL lie outside the cell membrane
PLANT CELLS ONLY
20. CELL WALL lie outside the cell membrane
a. Provide support and protection for the cell.
b. Made of Cellulose which makes plant stiff

31. 21. CHLOROPLAST (green) a. Filled with the green pigment chlorophyll
b. Makes chemical energy in the form of sugar from sunlight in the process called photosynthesis.

32. 13. CENTRAL VACUOLE
membrane bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protest
Huge vacuole in plant cells used for:
storage
Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole

33. Plant Cell Smooth endoplasmic Vacuole reticulum (free) Chloroplast
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

34. Animal Cell (attached) Ribosome Nucleolus (free) Nucleus Cell Membrane
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth
Mitochondrion
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(free)
(attached)
Animal Cell

35. Answers to VENN Diagram
Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes
Cell membrane
Contain DNA membrane bound. have ribosomes .similar basic metabolism
Nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
DNA is within nucleus
undergo mitosis
10 times larger
Smaller
Flagella
No nucleus
Contains DNA floating freely
cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
divide by binary fission

36. Differences
DIFERENCES: 1. eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes do not 2. eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotes do not. The organelles of eukaryotes allow them to exhibit much higher levels of intracellular division of labor than is possible in prokaryotic cells. 3. Eukaryotic cells are, on average, ten times the size of prokaryotic cells. 4. The DNA of eukaryotes is much more complex and therefore much more extnsive than the DNA of prokaryotes. 5. Prokaryotes have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a single large polymer of amino acids and sugar . Many types of eukaryotic cells also have cell walls, but none made of peptidoglycan. 6. The DNA of prokaryotes floats freely around the cell; the DNA of eukaryotes is held within its nucleus and associated with histones (proteins) 7. Eukaryotes undergo mitosis; prokaryotes divide by binary fission (simple cell division)

37. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Centrioles