1. Dilbert

2. Dilbert

4. Wal-Mart

7. Apple Computer Started about the same time as Microsoft
Was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wosniak in a garage in California’s silicon valley
Was hardware focused vs. software focus for Microsoft
Created the first personal computer

8. Apple Computer Developed the point and click interface with a mouse
Was nearly bankrupted by IBM style personal computers using Microsoft software
Refused to interface with Microsoft software
Steve Jobs was forced out of the company

9. Apple Computer Company nearly failed Steve Jobs rejoined
Focused on high quality innovative devices
Developed iPod
iTunes created as a way to get value for music and replace free downloads
Developed iPhone
Many versions with innovative technology

10. Apple Computer Developed iPAD Developed iPad mini
Opened tablet computer market
Developed iPad mini
Surpassed Microsoft in value
Is now the most valuable company in the World
Can Apple continue to develop new technology and devices?

11. Materials
Conductive materials – valence band overlaps the conduction band
Non conductive materials – valence band is separated from conduction band and electrons can not easily get to the conduction band
Semiconductor materials – conduction band is close to valence band and electrons can easily jump from the valence band to the conduction band with an energy source

12. Silicon
Silicon is an element
Silicon is the first or second most abundant element on the earth
Sand is a form of silicon
Silicon is know as a semiconductor because under certain conditions it can conduct electricity (electrons)
Silicon is the most widely used material for today’s microelectronics
Silicon was not the first semiconductor material used, germanium was first.

13. silicon

14. Raw silicon is melted and grown into a single crystal ingot
Silicon ingot being grown
Completed silicon ingot

15. Once the ingot is complete, wafers are sawn from the ingot and the top side is polished to a mirror finish

16. Group 4

17. Silicon
From the periodic chart you can see that silicon is a group 4 element
Group 4 elements have 4 electrons in their outer most electron shell
Germanium is also a group 4 element

18. Why is silicon an excellent microelectronics material?
It is very abundant
It can be grown into a single orientation crystal
It can be made electrically active easily
It can be made to conduct electrons with a small applied potential
It has a naturally forming oxide that acts as an insulating and diffusion barrier

20. Two dimensional schematic of three dimensional crystal

21. Group 3 Elements

22. P type doping – Positive, electron short, also called a hole

23. Group 5 elements

24. N-type doping – N is negative, electron rich

25. Combing n-type silicon and p-type silicon gives a pn junction

26. Special tweezers are used to handle silicon wafers
The EE project in the clean room will use silicon wafers as the base for the antennas
Special tweezers are used to handle silicon wafers

27. The future
Silicon will continue to play a dominant role but other semiconductor materials will play an increasing role
III-V semiconductor materials made from group III and group V elements are now common ( GaAs, InP, AlN )
II-VI semiconductor materials are being investigated for special applications
SiC, “diamond like carbon”, and SiGe are also of interest

28. Next homework assignment
HW5 from the web site
Write a one page report on “RFID”
Be sure to include the frequency of operation for “RFID”
Know what “RFID” stands for
Know the two types of “RFID”
Include at least two references
Due next class meeting