1. Chapter 13: Urban Patterns
The Cultural Landscape:
An Introduction to Human Geography

2. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
CBD land uses
Central business districts (CBDs)
Retail services in the CBD
Retailers with a high threshold
Retailers with a high range
Retailers serving downtown workers
Business services in the CBD

3. CBD of Charlotte, NC
Figure 13-1

4. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
Competition for land in the CBD
High land costs
Some of the most expensive real estate in the world = Tokyo
Intensive land use
Underground areas
Skyscrapers
“Vertical geography”

5. Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?
Activities excluded from the CBD
Lack of industry in the CBD
Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land
Lack of residents in the CBD
Push and pull factors involved
CBDs outside North America
Less dominated by commercial considerations.

6. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
Models of urban structure
Are used to explain where people live in cities
Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago
Concentric zone model
Sector model
Multiple nuclei model

7. Concentric Zone Model
Figure 13-4

8. Sector Model
Figure 13-5

9. Multiple Nuclei Model
Figure 13-6

10. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
Geographic application of the models
Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities
Census tracts
Social area analysis
Criticism of the models
Models may be too simple
Models may be outdated

11. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?
Applying the models outside North America
European cities
Less developed countries
Colonial cities
Cities since independence
Squatter settlements

12. Income Distribution in the Paris Region
Figure 13-10

13. Model of a Latin American City
Figure 13-14

14. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
Inner-city physical issues
Most significant = deteriorating housing
Filtering
Redlining
Urban renewal
Public housing
Renovated housing
Gentrification

15. Racial Change in Chicago
Figure 13-16

16. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
Inner-city social issues
The underclass
An unending cycle of social and economic issues
Homelessness
Culture of poverty

17. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?
Inner-city economic issues
Eroding tax base
Cities can either reduce services or raise taxes
Impact of the recession
Housing market collapse

18. Foreclosures in Baltimore
Figure 13-18

19. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
Urban expansion
Annexation
Defining urban settlements
The city
Urbanized areas
Metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
Metropolitan divisions
Micropolitan statistical areas

20. Annexation in Chicago
Figure 13-19

21. City, Urbanized Area, and MSA of St. Louis
Figure 13-20

22. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
Urban expansion
Local government fragmentation
Council of government
Consolidations of city and county governments
Federations
Overlapping metropolitan areas

23. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
Peripheral model
Edge cities
Density gradient
Cost of suburban sprawl
Suburban segregation
Residential segregation
Suburbanization of businesses

24. Density Gradient
Figure 13-23

25. Suburban Stress
Figure 13-25

26. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?
Transportation and suburbanization
Motor vehicles
More than 95 percent of all trips = made by car
Public transit
Advantages of public transit
Transit travelers take up less space
Cheaper, less pollutant, and more energy efficient than an automobile
Suited to rapidly transport large number of people to small area
Public transit in the United States
Used primarily for rush-hour community for workers into and out of CBD
Small cities-minimal use
Most Americans prefer to commute by automobile

27. Subway and Tram Lines in Brussels, Belgium
Figure 13-28

28. Up next: Resource Issues
The End.
Up next: Resource Issues