1. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
   
BIOLOGY 12
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

2. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

3. Chloroplast Review

4. Chloroplast Review

5. Chloroplast Review
thylakoids – system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast
stroma – the protein-rich semiliquid material in the interior of a chloroplast
grana – stacks of thylakoids (singular – granum)
lumen – space inside the thylakoid discs

6. Photosynthesis life on Earth is solar powered
photosynthesis is comprised of two sets of reactions :
light reactions (the “photo” part)
Calvin cycle reactions (the “synthesis” part)
summary equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

7. Photosynthesis - Light Reactions
occurs in the thylakoids
takes place only in the presence of light
they capture energy
chlorophyll absorbs light energy  becomes temporarily energized
Summary:
water is split
light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of two compounds, which will power the Calvin cycle:
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate): a source of energized electrons
ATP: the energy currency of cells
light reactions release oxygen, and produce no carbohydrate

9. Photosynthesis - Calvin Cycle
occurs in the stroma
takes place in the presence or absence of light
converting CO2 into carbohydrates requires ATP (produced by the light reactions)
Summary:
these are synthesis reactions that use NADPH and ATP to reduce CO2
they produce carbohydrate

10. Photosynthesis Review Questions
1. What is the purpose of the Calvin Cycle? 2. Where does the cell get its energy to perform these reactions? 3. What is the final product? 4. Why is carbon dioxide necessary?

11. Cellular Respiration

12. Cellular Respiration - Aerobic
the enzymatic breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) in the presence of oxygen (O2) to produce cellular energy (ATP)
one glucose molecule is broken down into a total of 36 ATP molecules
three phases:
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle (in the mitochondria)
Electron Transport Chain (in the mirochondria)
summary equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP

13. Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis
occurs in the cytoplasm
anaerobic
net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule

14. Cellular Respiration: Kreb’s cycle
also called the Citric Acid cycle
occurs in the mitochondria
aerobic
net yield of 2 ATP

15. Cellular Respiration: Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
occurs on the cristae of the mitocondria
aerobic
majority of all ATP is produced here (32 ATP)

16. Cellular Respiration – Anaerobic
cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen is called anaerobic
cells that undergo anaerobic respiration, still progress through glycolysis, but not through the Kreb’s cycle or the ETC
fermentation extends glycolysis with extra reactions, so that glycolysis can keep running and keep producing small amounts of ATP
fermentation comes in two types: • lactic acid fermentation • alcohol fermentation

17. Cellular Respiration – Anaerobic
occurs in the cytoplasm
anaerobic
net yield of 2 ATP per glucose molecule