1. Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

2. Living cells require energy from outside sources
Overview: Life Is Work
Living cells require energy from outside sources
Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants
For the Discovery Video Space Plants, go to Animation and Video Files.
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3. Fig. 9-1
Figure 9.1 How do these leaves power the work of life for the giant panda?

4. Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat
Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration
Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

5. Organic molecules Cellular respiration in mitochondria
Fig. 9-2
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM
Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts
Organic
molecules
CO2 + H2O
+ O2
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria
Figure 9.2 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems
ATP
ATP powers most cellular work
Heat
energy

6. Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
Several processes are central to cellular respiration and related pathways
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7. Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic
Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

8. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP+heat)
Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration
Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + (ATP+heat)
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

9. Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction
The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules
This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

10. In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
The Principle of Redox
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions
In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced)
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11. becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)
Fig. 9-UN1
becomes oxidized
(loses electron)
becomes reduced
(gains electron)

12. becomes oxidized becomes reduced
Fig. 9-UN2
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced

13. An example is the reaction between methane and O2
The electron donor (the one that is oxidized) is called the reducing agent
The electron receptor (the one that is reduced) is called the oxidizing agent
Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change the electron sharing in covalent bonds
An example is the reaction between methane and O2
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

14. Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
Fig. 9-3
Reactants
Products
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced
Figure 9.3 Methane combustion as an energy-yielding redox reaction
Methane
(reducing
agent)
Oxygen
(oxidizing
agent)
Carbon dioxide
Water

15. Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration
During cellular respiration, the fuel (such as glucose) is oxidized, and O2 is reduced:
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

16. Fig. 9-UN3
becomes oxidized
becomes reduced

17. Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain
In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps
Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme
As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration
Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapped to synthesize ATP
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

18. Fig. 9-UN4
Dehydrogenase
The electron is tracked through the reaction as a hydrogen atom: H (one proton, one electron).

19. NADH H+ NAD+ + 2[H] + H+ 2 e– + 2 H+ 2 e– + H+ Dehydrogenase
Fig. 9-4
2 e– + 2 H+
2 e– + H+
NADH H+
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
NAD+ +
2[H] + H+
Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide
(reduced form)
Nicotinamide
(oxidized form)
Figure 9.4 NAD+ as an electron shuttle

20. NADH passes the electrons to the electron transport chain
Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction
O2 pulls electrons down the chain in an energy-yielding tumble
The energy yielded is used to regenerate ATP
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21. (a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration
Fig. 9-5
H2 + 1/2 O2
2 H +
1/2 O2
(from food via NADH)
Controlled
release of
energy for
synthesis of
ATP
2 H e–
ATP
Explosive
release of
heat and light
energy
ATP
Electron transport
chain
Free energy, G
Free energy, G
ATP
2 e–
Figure 9.5 An introduction to electron transport chains
1/2 O2
2 H+
H2O
H2O
(a) Uncontrolled reaction
(b) Cellular respiration

22. The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview
Cellular respiration has three stages:
Glycolysis (breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate)
The citric acid cycle (completes the breakdown of glucose)
Oxidative phosphorylation (accounts for most of the ATP synthesis)
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23. Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
Fig
Electrons
carried
via NADH
Electrons carried
via NADH and
FADH2
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and
chemiosmosis
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
Glucose
Pyruvate
Mitochondrion
Cytosol
Figure 9.6 An overview of cellular respiration
ATP
ATP
ATP
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Substrate-level
phosphorylation
Oxidative
phosphorylation

24. Oxidative phosphorylation accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration
A smaller amount of ATP is formed in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation
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25. Enzyme Enzyme ADP P Substrate + ATP Product Fig. 9-7
Figure 9.7 Substrate-level phosphorylation
Product

26. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:
Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis (“splitting of sugar”) breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases:
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

27. Energy investment phase
Fig. 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP
used
Energy payoff phase
4 ADP + 4 P
4 ATP
formed
2 NAD e– + 4 H+
2 NADH
+ 2 H+
Figure 9.8 The energy input and output of glycolysis
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net
Glucose
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 ATP
2 NAD e– + 4 H+
2 NADH + 2 H+

28. Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate Fig. 9-9-1
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis
Glucose-6-phosphate

29. Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase Fructose-6-phosphate
Fig
Glucose
ATP 1
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate 2
Phosphoglucoisomerase 2
Phosphogluco-
isomerase
Fructose-6-phosphate
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis
Fructose-6-phosphate

30. Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate
Fig
Glucose
ATP 1 1
Hexokinase
ADP
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate 2 2
Phosphoglucoisomerase
ATP 3
Phosphofructo-
kinase
Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP 3 3
ADP
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate

31. Aldolase Isomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 4 5 Dihydroxyacetone
Fig
Glucose
ATP 1
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate 2
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate 4
Fructose-6-phosphate
Aldolase
ATP 3
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis 5
Isomerase
Fructose-
1, 6-bisphosphate 4
Aldolase 5
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate

32. Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate
Fig
2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase 2
NADH 2 P i
+ 2 H+ 2 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde-
3-phosphate
2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase 2 P 2
NADH i
+ 2 H+
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate

33. 2 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 7
Fig
2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase 2
NADH 2 P i
+ 2 H+ 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP 7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP 2
3-Phosphoglycerate 7
Phosphoglycero-
kinase
2 ATP
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis 2
3-Phosphoglycerate

34. 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglycero- mutase 2 2-Phosphoglycerate
Fig
2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase 2
NADH 2 P i
+ 2 H+ 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP 7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP 2
3-Phosphoglycerate 2
3-Phosphoglycerate 8
Phosphoglyceromutase 8
Phosphoglycero-
mutase 2
2-Phosphoglycerate
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis 2
2-Phosphoglycerate

35. 2 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 9 Fig. 9-9-8
2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase 2
NADH 2 P i
+ 2 H+ 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP 7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP 2
2-Phosphoglycerate 2
3-Phosphoglycerate 8
Phosphoglyceromutase 9
Enolase
2 H2O 2
2-Phosphoglycerate 9
Enolase
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis
2 H2O 2
Phosphoenolpyruvate 2
Phosphoenolpyruvate

36. 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 10 Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 Pyruvate
Fig
2 NAD+ 6
Triose phosphate
dehydrogenase 2
NADH 2 P i
+ 2 H+ 2
1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP 7
Phosphoglycerokinase
2 ATP 2
Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP 2
3-Phosphoglycerate 8 10
Phosphoglyceromutase
Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP 2
2-Phosphoglycerate 9
Enolase
2 H2O
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis 2
Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP 10
Pyruvate kinase
2 ATP 2
Pyruvate 2
Pyruvate