1. Determination of access blood flow from ionic dialysance: Theory and validation 
Lucile Mercadal, Aziz Hamani, Bernard Béné, Thierry Petitclerc 
Kidney International 
Volume 56, Issue 4, Pages (October 1999)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Blood flows without access recirculation. Vascular access blood flow (QA) is usually higher than blood flow at the dialyzer inlet (QB). In these conditions, no recirculation occurs.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Blood flows with access recirculation. If QA < QB, recirculation occurs with: QR = QB – QA. The rate of solute delivered to the dialyzer can be expressed as follows:(Eq. 1)
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 2
Blood flows with access recirculation. If QA < QB, recirculation occurs with: QR = QB – QA. The rate of solute delivered to the dialyzer can be expressed as follows:(Eq. 1)
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 3
Recirculation with blood lines in reversed position. The recirculation ratio is a function of QA. The solute conservation at point M can be expressed as follows:(Eq. 3)
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

6. Figure 3
Recirculation with blood lines in reversed position. The recirculation ratio is a function of QA. The solute conservation at point M can be expressed as follows:(Eq. 3)
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

7. Figure 4
Comparison of access flow rate values measured using the Diascan® (QA-ID) and the HD01® monitor (QA-US).
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

8. Figure 5
Bland-Altman plot between access flow rate values measured by the Diascan® (QA-ID) and by HD01® monitor (QA-US).
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

9. Figure 6
A device for reversing the blood lines. When crossed lines are clamped (as in the photograph), blood lines are in a normal position. When external lines are clamped, the blood lines are reversed.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 1999 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions