1. WWII WAR IS COMING

2. What territorial policies did Japan and Italy carry out in the 1930s
How was the League of Nations ineffective in stopping them?
How did Civil War in Spain lead to Fascism in Spain?

3. ATTEMPTS TO KEEP PEACE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 5 POWER TREATY 9 POWER PACT
KELLOGG-BRIAND ACT
5 power treaty = 10 year holiday of no building new war ships
Britain 5
United States 5
Japan 3
France 1.67
Italy 1.67
9 power pact = no more land from China and continue open door policy
9-power Treaty, February 6, 1922, a treaty signed at Washington, D.C. The signers were China and the United States, Great Britain (for the British Empire), Japan, Italy, France, Belgium, Portugal, and the Netherlands, who agreed to respect the sovereignty, independence, and territorial and administrative integrity of China. They committed themselves to the Open Door policy of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations in China. Japan violated the treaty by invading Manchuria in 1931.
Kellogg-Briand act made war illegal
Text of Article X
“The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In the case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.”

4. JAPAN SEPTEMBER 1931 JAPANESE SOLDIERS SET OFF EXPLOSION
RAILROAD NEAR CITY OF MUKDEN IN MANCHURIA
CHINA BLAMED

5. JAPAN JAPAN SENT TROOPS and TOOK OVER MANCHURIA
CHINA WENT TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

6. JAPAN LEAGUE OF NATIONS NOT RECOGNIZE NEW JAPANESE LAND OF MANCHUKUO
JAPAN LEFT LEAGUE
BY 1939 JAPAN CONTROLLED ¼ OF CHINA
Manchuria had a population of three million in China feared that both Japan and Russia would occupy the area and encouraged its people to settle in this region. By 1900 the population had grown to nine million.
The Japanese military argued that it needed to control Manchuria as security against a possible attack from the Red Army. In September 1931 the Japanese Army invaded Manchuria. The Chinese government appealed to the League of Nations under Article 11 of the Covenant. China also appealed to the United States as a signatory of the Kellogg Pact.
Robert Cecil, Britain's official delegate to the League of Nations, proposed an inquiry to deal with the dispute. Henry L. Stimson, the US Secretary of State, advised against this as he believed it would upset the Japanese government. However, eventually it was agreed that the League of Nations would establish a commission of inquiry under the chairmanship of Lord Lytton.
In March 1932 Japan renamed Manchuria as Manchukuo ("land of the Manchus"). Only Germany and Italy recognised the new state.
The Lytton Report was published in October The report acknowledged that Japan had legitimate grievances against the Chinese Government. However, the report condemned the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and refused to recognise Manchukuo as an independent state. When the League adopted the report Japan resigned from the organization.
Manchukuo remained under Japanese occupation until the Red Army invaded the territory in August Soon afterwards the Soviet Union handed over Manchuria to China.
ARTICLE 11.
Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the request of any Member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the Council.
It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations upon which peace depends.

7. What happened during the invasion of Nanking?
Using text books from Japan and China we will compare them to each other and to another source.

8. The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
The Rape of Nanking
The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II

9. Between December 1937 and March at least 369,366 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were slaughtered by the invading troops in Nanking, China. An estimated 80,000 women and girls were raped; many of them were then mutilated or murdered.

10. One of the earlier images of the war to come out from China, this following photo appeared in LIFE magazine.

12. “Ten Thousand Corpse Ditch”, where bodies of mass execution victims were  buried.

14. A photo first published by Look magazine in 1938
A photo first published by Look magazine in It shows Japanese army recruits at a bayonet drill, practicing on Chinese prisoners.

23. Two Japanese officers, Toshiaki Mukai and Iwa Noda, held a competition of beheading Chinese. They denied the accusation as "imagination" but were confronted with the above evidence published in Tokyo Nicinichi Shimbun. They were executed in 1947 in Nanjing.
"'Incredible Record' (in the Contest to Cut Down 100 People) —Mukai 106 – 105 Noda—Both 2nd Lieutenants Go Into Extra Innings"

34. Members of the International Committee for Nanking Safety Zone and the International Red Cross Committee. Many lives were saved through their efforts.

35. To this day the Japanese government has refused to apologize for these and other World War II atrocities, and a significant sector of Japanese society denies that they took place at all.

36. ITALY MUSSOLINI EXPANSION 1934 FIGHT ETHIOPIANS
ETHIOPIANS WENT TO LEAGUE OF NATIONS

37. ITALY THE LEAGUE SET UP A BOYCOTT OF ITALY NOT ON OIL IRON OR STEEL
1936 ADDIS ABABA FELL
1937 ITALY LEFT LEAGUE OF NATIONS

38. SPAIN 1931 REPUBLIC MAKING MODERN CHANGES
CONSERVATIVES JOINED WITH FASCIST PARTY = FALANGE
COMMUNIST PARTY = POPULAR FRONT

39. SPAIN POPULAR FRONT WON CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT
POPULAR FRONT PUT FASCIST IN JAIL
FASCIST STARTED TERRORISTS ACTS

40. SPAIN
GENERAL FRANCISCO FRANCO BECAME THE NEW LEADER FALANGE PARTY = THE NATIONALIST
Fascist merged with other group to form the nationalist

41. LOYALISTS OR REPUBLICANS SUPPORTED REPUBLIC
SPANISH CIVIL WAR

42. SPANISH CIVIL WAR LOYALIST NATIONALIST WORKER, PEASANTS,
SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST
USSR PLANES AND MILITARY ADVISORS
US, FRANCE AND BRITAIN SEND 20,000 TROOPS
NATIONALIST
ARMY LEADERS, CHURCH LEADERS, LANDOWNERS AND NOBILITY
GERMAN MILITARY
ITALIAN MILITARY

44. SPANISH CIVIL WAR

45. SPANISH CIVIL WAR

47. SPANISH CIVIL WAR
HITLER WILL USE THIS CONFLICT AS A “DRESS REHERSAL” FOR LATER.

48. SPANISH CIVIL WAR FRANCO WINS EL CAUDILLO (THE LEADER)
TOTALTARIAN STATE
NOT JOIN THE AXIS POWERS

50. Look back at the aggressions of Japan and Italy
Look back at the aggressions of Japan and Italy. What did the League of Nations do to promote world peace in each situation? How will it effect those two leaders and Adolf Hitler? Do you agree with League of Nations actions? Why?
Any similar international crises in recent times? Compare the response to the 1930s.
What have current leaders learned from WWII?