1. Fall Final Exam

2. Wavelength/Frequency Calculations
Given on formula sheet
E=hv and c=λv
Know relationship between wavelength, frequency, and energy
Ex: longer wavelength means lower energy
Practice: Two waves of light have different frequencies: 34 hertz and 74 hertz. Which has more energy? Which has a shorter wavelength?

3. Hybridization Know the shapes and bonds that correspond to:
Practice: Give the hybridization of each carbon atom. Label all sigma and pi bonds.

4. Lewis Structures Count electrons Check structure and octet rule
Move electrons into multiple bonds if needed
Check formal charge
Include brackets and charge for ions
Practice: N2, CO32-

5. Periodic Trends Know the trends for
Ionization energy
Electronegativity
Atomic size
Ionic size
Know the reasons for trends in terms of
Coulombic attraction (between outer electrons and nucleus)
Remember the variables of coulombs law are radius (distance between charges) & magnitude of charge
Effective nuclear charge (“actual” charge felt by outer electrons; protons-inner electrons= Zeff)
Atoms in the same group have the same Zeff so their trends are best explained using Coulomb’s Law
Practice: Which has a greater electronegativity: Ca or Ba?
Which has a smaller ionization energy: Al or S?
Also, be able to explain why there are exceptions when given.

6. Types of Solids
Know
Ionic solids
Molecular solids
Nonbonding solids
Metallic solids
Network covalent solids
Practice: Describe each type of solid: a) Ne, b) quartz, c) water, d) calcium chloride

7. Photoelectron Spectrums
Be able to identify electron configurations from PES spectra
Height of peak corresponds to number of electrons
Location of peak corresponds to energy level
Sketch a PES spectrum for silicon

8. Intermolecular Forces
Know
Ionic/Covalent/metallic
London Dispersion
Dipole-Dipole
Hydrogen Bonding
Ion-dipole
Practice: List all the IM forces in a) cesium, b) ammonia, c) methane, d) carbon tetrachloride

9. Energy Calculations Know when to use
Q=mcΔT or Q=Hm
Describe energy flow for reactions, solutions, or phase changes
Know that all systems adjust until they reach “thermal equilibrium”

10. General Skills that you should be an EXPERT in
Stoichiometry
Dimensional Analysis
Periodic Table
Charges of ions
Symbols
Metal/non-metal
Transition metals, halogens, alkali metals, etc.
Manipulating algebraic equations
Molar relationships (in a reaction, compound, etc.)
Understand that all processes tend toward lower potential energy (bonding, solutions, reactions)

11. General Advice When in doubt… Highlight variables
Look at equations sheet for possible relationships, constants, etc.
Always focus on the WHY
Ask yourself, does my answer make sense???
If you know the relationship between two variables, make sure your answer aligns with that relationship
Sometimes the answer isn’t the only explanation, but it’s always the best explanation