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Biology
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EQ: Describe the Four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
Photo Credit: © John Conrad/CORBIS
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The Water Molecule
A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
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The Water Molecule
Hydrogen Bonds
Because of their partial positive and negative charges, polar molecules can attract each other.
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5. Solutions and Suspensions
A mixture is a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically combined.
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6. Solutions and Suspensions
All the components of a solution are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
solute—the substance that is dissolved.
solvent—the substance in which the solute dissolves.
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Acids, Bases, and pH
Acids, Bases, and pH
A water molecule is neutral, but can react to form hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
H2O   H+ + OH-
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Acids, Bases, and pH
The pH scale 
Chemists devised a measurement system called the pH scale to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution.
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
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Acids, Bases, and pH
Acids
An acid is any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. 
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Acids, Bases, and pH
Bases
A base is a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH- ions) in solution. 
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Acids, Bases, and pH
Buffers 
The pH of the fluids within most cells in the human body must generally be kept between 6.5 and 7.5.
Controlling pH is important for maintaining homeostasis.
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12. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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Four groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are important source of energy
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Examples:
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
Starch
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
Glucose
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Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
The common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
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Lipids
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary,
or genetic, information.
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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Proteins
Some functions of proteins:
Control rate of reactions – Enzymes
Used to form bones and muscles
Transport substances into or out of cells
Help to fight disease - antibodies
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