1. Warm Up
1. Some countries have several official languages because they want to
A. Make international diplomacy easier
B. Foster political cooperation with neighboring countries
C. Make government operate more efficiently
D. Prepare students to participate in the global economy
E. Give recognition to different groups within one country

2. Diffusion of Religion

3. The Geography of Religion
The Great Mosque, Mali
The Geography of Religion
Origins and Distributions of the Major Religions
Key Terms
Religious Ecology
Secularism, Fundamentalism, and Conflict
The Wailing Wall, Jerusalem
Hindu Statue (Ganesh)
Buddhist Monks

4. - source area of human civilization - innovation center
Culture Hearths
DEFINITION
Culture Hearth:
- heartland
- source area of human civilization
- innovation center
- place of origin of a major culture
*Many hearths invent similar innovations without knowing about each other, a process called independent innovation

5. Primary Culture Hearths of the World

6. Culture Hearths--Examples
Andean America Eastward through South America
Mesoamerica Eastern and Western North America
West Africa Throughout Africa
Nile River Valley Throughout Africa and Southwest Asia
Mesopotamia Throughout Southwest Asia, Europe, Central and East Asia, West Africa
Indus River Valley Southwest, Central, and East Asia
Ganges River Delta South, Southeast, and Southwest Asia
Wei and Huang Rivers East and Southeast Asia

7. The Geography of Religion
Ethnic Religions Polytheism Universalizing Religions(proselytic) Monotheism

8. How do Universalizing and Ethnic Religions Differ?
(Christianity, Buddhism, Islam)
Appeal to people everywhere
Individual founder (prophet)
Message diffused widely (missionaries)
Followers distributed widely.
Holidays based on events in founder’s life.
Broken down into branches, denominations, and sects
Ethnic
(Hinduism and Judaism)
Has meaning in particular place only.
Unknown source.
Content focused on place and landscape of origin.
Followers highly clustered.
Holidays based on local climate and agricultural practice.
Branches are large fundamental divisions within a religion, denominations are groups of common congregations within a branch, and sects are smaller groups that have broken away from a recognized denomination within a branch.

9. Variations in Distribution of Religions (1)
Origin of religions
Origin of universalizing religions
Origin of Hinduism
Diffusion of religions
Diffusion of universalizing religions
Lack of diffusion of ethnic religions

10. Variations in Distribution of Religions (2)
Holy places
Holy places in universalizing religions
Holy places in ethnic religions
The calendar
The calendar in ethnic religions
The calendar in universalizing religions

11. Christianity (Universalizing)
2 billion adherents make it most practiced in the world.
Originated in Bethlehem (8-4 BC) and Jerusalem (AD 30) with Jesus Christ.
Semitic Hearth (modern day Israel)
Spread by missionaries and the Roman Empire (Constantine A.D. 313).
It is the most practiced religion in Africa today.

12. Branches of Christianity
Roman Catholics
830 million adherents
Hierarchical structure (Pope, cardinals, archbishops, and priests)
No prominent divisions
Vatican City, Italy
Protestant
503 million adherents
Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran
Origins= Reformation circa 15th c.
Eastern Orthodox
1054 CE when Roman Catholic Church split
14 self-governing churches (Russian Orthodox= Largest)
192 million adherents
Constantinople (Istanbul)

13. Diffusion of Christianity
Hearth= Palestine
Diffusion occured when Roman Empire adopted as official religion in 312 CE
European colonial efforts in 15th century also expanded

14. Christianity in the U.S.

15. Warm Up Which of the following is a dialect? A. Indo-European
B. Romance
C. Southern US
D. Latin
E. Dravidian

16. Islam (Universalizing)
1 billion + adherents
Originated in Saudi Arabia (Mecca and Medina) around AD 600.
Spread originally by Muslim armies to N. Africa, and the Near East.
Sunni (83%) - throughout the Muslim world.
Shiite - Iran (40%), Pakistan (15%), Iraq (10%)
Islam (Universalizing)

17. Branches of Islam Sunni Muslims Shiite Muslims “Orthodox”
85% of Muslims
Bangladesh & Pakistan
Sunni caliphates were NOT descendants of Muhammad
Shiite Muslims
Iran and Iraq
15% of Muslims
Only descendants of Ali, and therefore Muhammad should be the head of Islam

18. Reading the Koran, Brunei
Islam
Prophet: Muhammad
Holy Text: Koran
Islamic Calender
Begins in AD 622 when Muhammad was commanded to Mecca from Medina (Hijra).
Lunar calendar makes Ramadan move through the seasons (30 year cycle - 19 years with 354 days and 11 with 355).
Five Pillars of Islam
There is one God and Muhammad is his messenger.
Prayer five times daily, facing Mecca.
The giving of alms(charity) to the poor.
Fasting during Ramadan for purification and submission.
If body and income allow, a Muslim must make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca in his lifetime.
Reading the Koran, Brunei

19. Islam
Prophet: Muhammad
Holy Text: Koran

20. Diffusion of Islam
Islam is considered the fastest growing religion in America. Only a small part of this growth is from black Muslims and the Nation of Islam.

21. Cultural Variation by Place and Region
The degree of adherence to tradition varies within each religion…every religion includes followers who practice fundamentalism, an attempt to follow the literal interpretation of religious faith.
The strength of fundamentalism often diminishes with greater distance from the religious hearth
To measure fundamentalism in Islam, look at the role of sharia, the Islamic legal framework for a country
Sharia is strongest in Saudi Arabia and Yemen…not as strong in Malaysia and Indonesia
Some fundamentalist countries are theocracies, countries shoes governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

22. Buddhism (Universalizing)
300 million + adherents primarily in China and S.E. Asia
Originated near modern Nepal around 530 BC by prince Siddhartha Guatama.
Spread originally in India and Sri Lanka by Magadhan Empire (250 BC).
Indo-Gangetic Hearth (Indus and Ganges Rivers)
Indian traders brought it to China in 1st century AD.
By 6th century it had lost its hold on India, but was now in Korea and Japan.
Buddhism (Universalizing)

23. Buddhism Four Noble Truths:
1. All living beings must endure suffering. 2. Suffering, which is caused by desires (for life), leads to reincarnation. 3. The goal of existence is an escape from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation by means of Nirvana. 4. Nirvana is achieved by the Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of understanding, mindfulness, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and concentration.
Theravada - the older, more severe form which requires the renouncing of all worldly goods and desires.
-Monks and nuns
-55% of all Buddhists (Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia)
Mahayana - focuses on Buddha’s teachings and compassion through meditation and prayer
-Korea, Vietnam, Japan, China
Karma - your past bad or good actions determine your progress toward Nirvana through reincarnation. You are your own God.

24. Other Branches… Zen Buddhism Lamaism in Tibet (now China) Japan
Combination of Theravada + local images of deities and demons
5% of Buddhists
Chinese gov is trying to suppress
Dalai Lama

26. Holy Sites in Buddhism
Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

27. Buddhist Temple Bodh Gaya, India

29. Dancing Shiva/Nataraj
Hinduism
Lord Vishnu
Ganesh
Dancing Shiva/Nataraj

30. Hinduism (Ethnic) 900 million + adherents primarily in India
Hinduism is an ancient term for the complex and diverse set of religious beliefs practiced around the Indus River.
Reincarnation - endless cycles. Karma and Yoga.
Caste System = Social hierarchy into which people are born
Coastlines and river banks most sacred sites.
Veda = collection of ancient scriptures
Vishnu and Shiva most common of hundreds of deities. (polytheistic)

31. Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River
Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

32. Judaism (Ethnic) Oldest monotheistic religion Semitic Hearth
Roots of faith in teachings of Abraham
Torah and Old Testament
Talmud = collection of rabbinical and historical teachings
After Romans destroyed Jerusalem, Jews scattered around the world, known as a diaspora
Synagogue (House of worship)
Western Wall
18 million Jews Worldwide
7 million North America
5 million Europe and Russia
66% live in Israel and US

33. Branches of Judaism
Reform
Conservative
Orthodox

34. Other Ethnic Religions…
Animism (Shamanism) - the belief that all objects, animals, and beings are “animated” or possess a spirit and a conscious life. Also called shamanism because of the prominence of a Shaman.
Such beliefs are common among hunter-gatherers.
10% of Africans follow such traditional ethnic religions.
These beliefs are losing ground to Christianity and Islam throughout Africa.
Nigerian Shaman

35. Native American Animism
Humankind has not woven the web of life. We are but one thread within it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. All things are bound together. All things connect. ~ Chief Seattle
Bear Dance

36. Other Ethnic Religions
Shintoism
Buddhism + local principles
Japan
118 million worshippers
Taoism (Daoism)
Laozi
People should live in harmony with nature
Confucianism
Focus on worldly matters instead of heaven/hell

37. Secularism & Theocracy
Reject or are indifferent to religion
Theocracy
Government run by a religion
Ex: Afghanistan & Taliban

38. Organization of Space Places of worship Sacred space
Christian worship
Places of worship in other religions
Sacred space
Disposing of the dead
Religious settlements
Religious place names
Administration of space
Hierarchical religions
Locally autonomous religions

39. Part II. Paragraph
Cultural diffusion is about encounters and interactions among people. Select TWO of the philosophies/religions that you or your classmates have presented on and examine the ways in which these religions have encountered and interacted with each other.
Your paragraph should describe the origins of the religion/philosophy, initial encounter with each other (if existed), the nature of the interaction (if existed), and the ways in which the relationship changed over time.
You may NOT compare Christianity to Judaism.
Your paragraph may NOT be longer than 1 page.

40. Place Names in Québec
Fig. 6-12: Place names in Québec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

41. Roman Catholic Hierarchy in U.S.
Fig. 6-13: The Catholic church divides the U.S. into provinces headed by archbishops. Provinces are divided into dioceses, headed by bishops.

42. Shrine, Bangalore, India
Key Terms
Syncretism - the mixing of two or more religions that creates unique rituals, artwork, and beliefs.
Examples include syncretism of Christianity and indigenous beliefs in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.
Caribbean Voodoo (Haiti, Louisiana)
Christianity in Indigenous Latin American
Voodoo Dolls, Haiti
Shrine, Bangalore, India

43. Syncretism - the mixing of two or more religions that creates unique rituals, artwork, and beliefs.

44. Key Terms
Secularization - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim no allegiance to any church.
Some of these people are atheists. Others simply do not practice. Still others call themselves spiritual, but not religious.
Common in Europe and the cities of the U.S.
Common in former Soviet Union and China.
Fundamentalism - a process that is leading to increasingly large groups of people who claim there is only one way to interpret worship.
Fundamentalists generally envision a return to a more perfect religion and ethics they imagine existed in the past.
Common in the U.S. and in some Islamic nations.

45. Religious Conflicts Religion vs. government policies
Religion vs. social change
Religion vs. Communism
Religion vs. religion
Religious wars in Ireland
Religious wars in the Middle East

46. Catholic Protestors in Northern Ireland

47. Distribution of Protestants in Ireland, 1911
Fig 6-14: When Ireland became independent in 1937, 26 northern districts with large Protestant populations chose to remain part of the United Kingdom.

48. Jerusalem
Fig. 6-15: The Old City of Jerusalem contains holy sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

49. The Temple Mount, Jerusalem
Temple Mount contains sites holy to both Jews and Muslims, including the Western Wall of the Second Temple, al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Dome of the Rock.

50. Praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem

51. Boundary Changes in Palestine/Israel
Fig. 6-16: The UN partition plan for Palestine in 1947 contrasted with the boundaries that were established after the War. Major changes later resulted from the 1967 War.

52. Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Political and Physical maps
Fig. 6-17: The West Bank and Gaza have been under Israeli control since 1967, and numerous Israeli settlements have been established there. The area includes three physical regions: the coastal plain, the hills, and the Jordan River Valley.

53. Israel’s Barrier in the West Bank
Fig : The planned route of Israel’s security barrier in the West Bank includes many of Israel’s settlements in the territory.

54. Religious Conflict
The Big Question: Can secular society exist alongside traditional and fundamentalist religious sects and states?
Let’s talk about some of the
conflicts you read about while
working on your poster!

55. Warm Up Mahayana, Theraveda, and Tantrayana are three branches of
A. Islam
B. Buddhism
C. Sikhism
D. Hinduism
E. Daoism

56. Warm Up
Which of the following countries has the largest percentage of Roman Catholics?
A. US
B. Great Britain
C. Indonesia
D. Brazil
E. India