1. Chapter 3 Behavioral ecology
Behavior: The ways that organisms respond to each other and to particular cues in the environment
Cost- benefit analysis
Optimal foraging: any method of searching for and obtaining food that maximizes the relative benefit.
Promiscuity: multiple mating (난혼)
Trade-offs: Compromises between two desirable but incompatible activities

3. Chapter Opener
8 species of flamingo

4. Monogamy: <3% in mammal Promiscuity is very common in mammal
Figure 3-1
Monogamy: <3% in mammal
Promiscuity is very common in mammal
Promiscuity of Ethiopian wolf
Female wolves decide which males they will copulate with,

5. Paternity Confusion Trade offs
Figure 3-1B
Promiscuity in mammals is often an attempt to confuse paternity
Males from packs can attack juveniles in adjacent packs
if they are not genetically related.
Paternity Confusion
Cost-benefit analysis: economics term for project
Cost: energy consumed, the probability of injury, or being killed by
predator
Benefit: net gain in energy or increase in reproductive success
Trade offs

6. Larger areas are more expensive to defend
Figure 3-2
An animal’s territory is any
defended area.
The benefit of defending territory
is exclusive access to food.
Cost-benefit model for territory size in animal
Larger areas are more expensive to defend

7. Territory defended by hummingbirds in relation to flower density
Figure 3-3
Territory defended by hummingbirds in relation to flower density
Individuals always defended the same number of flowers regardless
of the size of territory
(Arizona)

8. Daily weight change of one marked hummingbird (California)
Figure 3-4
Defend the territory
And less time feeding
rufous hummingbird
Daily weight change of one marked hummingbird (California)
The cost of defending a large territory would exceed the benefit of having
more food available. Sierra Nevada of California

9. Optimal foraging –any method of searching for and obtaining food that
Figure 3-5
Skip
Optimal foraging –any method of searching for and obtaining food that
maximize the relative benefit

10. Gerbils are nocturnal, seed eating rodent. Major predator: barn owl
Figure 3-6
Gerbils are nocturnal, seed eating rodent. Major predator: barn owl

11. Optimal Migration: Time minimization, Energy minimization
Figure 3-7
Optimal Migration: Time minimization, Energy minimization
skip
Early arrival
Migratory period only
The amount of fat and protein expressed as a
fraction of lean body mass
Annual base
Rate of energy accumulation by
feeding before migration begins and
stopover

13. Whooper swan

26. Best fit: Time minimization model The time spent in stopovers is about
Figure 3-8
2500 km of desert (Sahara)
Best fit: Time minimization model
The time spent in stopovers is about
7 times that spent on flight for small bird

27. Table 3-2
Group living

28. -The direction and duration of straight runs
Figure 3-9
-The direction and duration of straight runs
in the dance are closely correlated with
the direction and distance of the patch
of flowers just visited.
-Bees routinely forage up to 12 Km
from their nest.
Social insects are the classic example of
cooperartion for food gathering

29. The farther away the target, the longer the straight-run part of the dance.

30. Second potential benefit of group living is a
Figure 3-10
Second potential benefit of group living is a
reduced risk of predation.
Guppies in Trinidad streams: When predators are
abundant, guppies school in more tightly spaced group.
Cohesion score is based on how much individual fish spaced from one another

31. Figure 3-11

32. Puffin lays a single egg: Why not two eggs?
Unnumbered Figure 3-1
Puffin lays a single egg: Why not two eggs?
More to lay two eggs,
fly more to feed two young

33. KIN SELECTION Predators: coyotes, pine martens long-tailed weasels
Figure 3-12
Predators: coyotes, pine martens
long-tailed weasels
Females were far more likely to give
alarm calls than males.- (a)
Kin selection (b)
The evolution of traits that increase
the survival, and ultimately the
reproductive success, of one’s relatives
rather than oneself is termed
KIN SELECTION

34. Cost of group living Magellanic penguin up to 200,000
Figure 3-13
Cost of group living
Magellanic penguin
up to 200,000
Nitrogen index is
indicator of food
quality (stable
nitrogen isotopes)

35. Incubation success is the ratio of the number of nests at hatching
Figure 3-14
Incubation success is the ratio of the number of nests at hatching
in Feb/ nests at laying in Nov.

36. Group living in African Lions
Figure 3-16
Group living in African Lions
Lion distribution
Pride= 1 to 7 males
2 to 18 females + their young
Small pride-desert
Large pride-Serengeti, more prey
Female almost never leave the pride in which they were born.

37. Benefit of group living in male lions Male – male competition
Figure 3-16
Benefit of group living in male lions
Male – male competition
Males that take over a pride kill unrelated cubs.

39. Larger groups facilitate territorial defense, which is important
Figure 3-17
Optimal group size
Larger groups facilitate territorial defense, which is important
in preventing male takeovers. When new male take over a pride, they
typically kill all young cubs.

40. Table 3-3

41. Table 3-1
skip

42. Figure 3-15
skip