1. Monitoring of groundwater bodies Monitoring of point sources Connections and differences
Dietmar MÜLLER Federal Environment Agency - Austria

2. Groundwater Monitoring
MONITORING OBJECTIVE
WHY ?
MONITORING DESIGN
WHAT ? (e.g. Which pressures are faced, which impacts and which pollutants may occur ?)
WHERE ? (e.g. How to establish a groundwater monitoring network ? Density and distribution of monitoring sites ?)
HOW ? (e.g. Which sampling and analytical methods should be applied ?)
WHEN ? (e.g. Duration and frequency of observations and samplings ?

3. Water Framework Directive ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES
NO DETERIORATION CLAUSE
Art. 4 (b) ‘MS shall implement measures necessary ...’
(i)
to prevent or limit the input of pollutants into groundwater and
to prevent the deterioration of status of all bodies of groundwater
(ii) to reverse any significant and sustained upward trend in the concentrations ... resulting from human activity
ANNEX V 2.4.4: ‘The calculation of trends shall be undertaken for a groundwater body or a group of groundwater bodies ...’

4. ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES define Monitoring Tasks
WFD Art. 4 (b) (i) subsequently necessary measures:
to control the input of pollutants into groundwater locally (point sources) and
to control the status (‘overall health’) of all bodies of groundwater

5. Groundwater Management Combined Monitoring & Assessment Procedures
Resource (Pathway)
Receptor
Pressure
(Source)
Chemicals
Concen-trations
Fate
Transport
Exposures
versus
Toxicity
Monitoring of point sources
Monitoring of groundwater bodies

6. Point sources Plume behaviour
Expanding plume t2
Stable plume t1 t2 t1
Shrinking plume t2 t1
Exhausted plume
distance
Based on Weidemeier et al, 1999

7. POINT SOURCES Monitoring Network
Background (A)
Source (B)
Plume (C-G)
Migration (H-J) H G F E D C B A J I
Extent of dissolved contaminant plume
Monitoring borehole
Design considers
receptor location
travel times
stratigraphy & hydrogeology
NO minimum number

8. POINT SOURCES Monitoring Design Considerations
Does monitoring network allow plume to be defined, as well as background conditions ?
Are appropriate horizon(s) being monitored ?
Are sufficient monitoring data available to define seasonal and mid-term trends ?
Are right parameters being measured and to an adequate degree of accuracy e.g. parent and daughter compounds, electron acceptors, hydrochemical indicators ?

9. Diffuse sources Pollution Pattern
Dilution t2 t1 t1
Accumulation t2 t1
Transfer t2 t2 t1
Stable and/or non-uniform
time
Based on Weidemeier et al, 1999

10. GROUNDWATER BODIES Monitoring Network Monitoring sites Groundwater
body
Plumes of
point sources

11. GROUNDWATER BODIES Monitoring Design Considerations
Does monitoring network provide a coherent and comprehensive overview of groundwater status within a river basin / groundwater body ?
Is appropriate horizon being monitored ?
Are sufficient monitoring data available to define mid- to long-term trends ?
Are right parameters being measured and to an adequate degree of accuracy e.g. core parameters, contaminants (parent and daughter compounds) ?

12. GROUNDWATER BODIES & Multiple point sources

13. Groundwater bodies & Multiple point sources Monitoring Network
Monitoring sites
Point
sources
& plumes
Groundwater
body

14. Monitoring Design Point sources vs. Groundwater bodies
FACTORS
geology
hydrogeology
contaminant(s)
known impacts
receptor(s)
system dynamics & travel times
size of plume or monitoring areas
regulatory requirements
DESIGN ISSUES
how many and location of boreholes
borehole construction/ depth
which parameters e.g.
contaminant
breakdown products
indicators (DOC, NO3, ...)
duration and frequency of monitoring
? environmental standards ?
[costs]
similar
different

15. Point Sources Point of Compliance
Aggregated data of a borehole
Limit Values

16. Groundwater bodies ‘Compliance of Aquifers’
aggregated results of all monitoring points !
THRESHOLD VALUE
good status

17. Assessment of Monitoring Results
Application of Environmental Standards
THRESHOLD VALUES:
concentrations !
mass flows ?!
Emission limit values?
Threshold values
Associated aquatic ecosystems & dependent terrestrial ecosystems !
Limit values
WRRL aus Richtlinienentwurf zur ökologischen Gewässerqualität hervorgegangen.
Erster Entwurf im Jahr 1997 vorgelegt
Beschluss im Rat am , nur Dänemark enthielt sich der Stimme
Obwohl gerade erst in Kraft getreten, befasst sich die LAWA schon seit einiger Zeit in zahlreichen Arbeitsgruppen intensiv mit der Thematik.

18. GROUNDWATER MONITORING SUMMARY
The monitoring approaches for point sources and groundwater bodies
refer to the same objectives
consider the same factors
differ in intensity and detail
are analysed differently
Monitoring approaches tuned together will support coherent assessment results !

19. Monitoring of groundwater bodies Monitoring of point sources Connections and differences
THANK YOU !