1. How does temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?
Bell work 9/16
How does temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?

2. Macromolecules

3. Macromolecules Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCE mZw
Pay close attention to the following and record on your concept map:
types of elements
names of the monomers
examples
function

4. Student’s Job Description
Student jobs
Students Job Number
Student’s Job Description #1
Student will find and write the elements of any macromolecule #2
Student will identify and write the monomer of any macromolecule #3
Student will determine the polymer of any macromolecule #4
Student will identify and draw the structure of any macromolecule #5
Student will identify and write different examples of any macromolecule #6
Student will determine and write the functions of any macromolecule

5. Carbon Carbon is a component of almost all biological macromolecules.
Carbon has four valence electrons and thus, four spaces to create covalent bonds
8 (for the octet rule)-4 valence electrons=4 spaces for bonding.
Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon.

6. Macromolecules
Carbon atoms are joined together to form macromolecules.
Macromolecules: large organic molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
Also called polymers: molecules made from repeating units of monomers linked together.
Monomers are small subunits of macromolecules. Think of them as the building blocks of polymers.

7. Carbohydrates Elements present: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Ratio of elements: 1 oxygen and 2 hydrogen for ever 1 carbon.
Used for: energy storage and structural support
Monomer: Monosaccharaides, sugars 3-7 (CH2O) molecules in a chain.
Ex. Glucose

8. Carbohydrates Cont.
Two monosaccharides joined together form a disaccharide, such as sucrose.
Longer carbohydrate molecules are called polysaccharides, like glycogen.

9. Lipids
A group of chemicals that includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids, and sterols (steroid + alcohols).
Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus
Monomer: no real monomer per se, as there are no repeating units. However lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerols.
Purpose: Store large amounts of energy long term; form boundaries around cells

10. Lipid Chemical Structure
Fatty acids are non-polar

11. Lipids Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats
Lipids with only single bonds between carbon atoms.
No more hydrogen can bond to the tail
Unsaturated Fats
Lipids with at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
Can accommodate more hydrogen.

12. Proteins
Elements present: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Uses: structural components of animals, control molecules (enzymes), transport and messenger molecules
Monomer: amino acids

13. Protein Function Function: many, many functions hormones movement
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
immune system
protect against germs
enzymes
help chemical reactions

14. Amino Acids Amino acids: protein monomer
Consists of: carboxyl group, amine/amino group, central carbon and a variable side chain (sometimes represented as R)

15. Amino Acids Amino acids chain together into polymers.
Some are hydrophobic
Some are hydrophilic
amino acid

16. Examples

17. Shape Matters
Hydrophilic proteins are attracted to water in the cell and fold out, hydrophobic molecules fold away from water

18. Shape Cont.
As a result of this and also hydrogen bonds between each other, proteins fold.
Shape of a protein determines its job
pepsin
hemoglobin

19. Nucleic Acids
Large complex molecules that contain hereditary or inherited information.
Elements present: Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus
Uses: Carry hereditary information; used to make proteins
Monomer: nucleotides

20. Nucleic Acids Cont. Nucleotides
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine in DNA
In RNA, Thymine is replaced by Uracil

21. Structure
Sugar-Phosphate back bone

22. DNA v. RNA
DNA: double helix
RNA: Single strand

23. Dehydration Synthesis
How bonds are formed between monomers.
Results in two bonded monomers and a molecule of water.

24. Hydrolysis The opposite of dehydration synthesis.
Happens when a molecule of water breaks the bond between two monomers.