1. Mutations
Any change in an organism’s DNA. Mutations in somatic cells only impact individual; mutations in gametes may impact offspring.
2 Types:
A. Gene Mutations- involves nucleotide
B. Chromosomal Mutations- involves
pieces of genes or entire chromosomes.

2. Gene Mutations
Point Mutation- one nucleotide is SUBSTITUTED for another.
If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE mutation.
If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT mutation.
If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a NONSENSE mutation.

3. Substitution Point/Subsitution (one base is substituted for another)
If a substitution changes the amino acid, it’s called a MISSENSE mutation.
If a substitution does not change the amino acid, it’s called a SILENT mutation.
If a substitution changes the amino acid to a “stop,” it’s called a NONSENSE mutation.

4. 2. Frameshift Mutation- nucleotide is INSERTED or DELETED.
Changes the entire
A.A. sequence

5. Chromosomal Mutations
Affect several genes and have a huge impact on organism. 1. 2. 3. 4.

6. II. Chromosomal Mutations
Mutations involving changes in large regions of chromosomes
4 Types: Deletions- part of chromosome is left out

7. II. Chromosomal Mutations
2. Insertions- part of chromatid breaks off and attaches to sister chromatid resulting in duplication of genes on some chromosomes

8. II. Chromosomal Mutations
3. Inversions- part of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards

9. II. Chromosomal Mutations
4. Translocations- part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome