1. AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CH. 18n 14o CLASS NOTES
Traditional Livelihoods of
Rural Peoples

2. Economic Activities 1. Primary:
(EXTRACTION) Farming, Fishing, Herding, Mining
2. Secondary:
(PRODUCTION) Convert raw materials into useable products
3. Tertiary:
Service Industry (CONSUMER) (retail, lawyer, doctor, teacher, plumber)

3. Quaternary & Quinary
Tertiary so complex – broken down further in 4 and 5
4. Quaternary – Knowledge Based
Services for Businesses
Banking, Insurance, Consulting
Manage Information / Exchange of money or capital
5. Quinary – Research, Technology, & Higher Ed.; CEO’s
Think of one of your parents. How is their career categorized?

4. U.S. Economy
1. In 1790 what type of work were the majority of people engaged in?
2. In the 1920’s what type of work were the majority of people engaged in?
3. What type of work are most people engaged in today?
4. How does this relate to the demographic transition model?

5. First Agricultural Revolution (remember???)
10,000- 2,000 B.C.
Begin to plant fields and grow crops
Surplus of food can be grown
Larger settlements develop
Not everyone has to produce food/farm – can do other jobs (specialization)

6. Subsistence Farming
Growing only enough to survive (sustain)– not profit (no surplus)
Small Scale

7. Geographer Carl Sauer Plant Domestication – Root vs. Seed plant
Artificial Selection (as opposed to Natural selection)
Genetic Changes to suit Human Needs

8. The domestication of wheat provides an example
The domestication of wheat provides an example. Wild wheat falls to the ground to reseed itself when ripe, but domesticated wheat stays on the stem for easier harvesting. There is evidence that this critical change came about as a result of a random mutation near the beginning of wheat's cultivation. Wheat with this mutation was harvested and became the seed for the next crop. Therefore, without realizing, early farmers selected for this mutation, which would otherwise have died out. The result is domesticated wheat, which relies on farmers for its own reproduction and dissemination

9. Animal Domestication
Some animals attracted to settlements as scavengers
Get used to human presence / protection from predators
Changes for Human Needs
Labor / livestock / protection

10. Natural variations in individual plants and animals also support the selection of new traits. It is speculated that tamer than average wolves, less wary of humans, selected themselves as domestic dogs over many generations. These wolves were able to thrive by following humans to scavenge for food near camp fires and garbage dumps. Eventually a symbiotic relationship developed between people and these proto-dogs. The dogs fed on human food scraps, and humans found that dogs could warn them of approaching dangers, help with hunting, act as pets, provide warmth, or supplement their food supply. As this relationship progressed, humans eventually began to keep these self-tamed wolves and breed from them the types of dogs that we have today.

12. Taming – Not Domestication

13. 2nd Agricultural Revolution
During 17th – 18th Century Europe (leads into Industrial Rev.)
Soil Preparation, fertilization, tools, harvesting, storage improved
Ex) Plow, Cotton Gin, etc.
Increased productivity & yield

14. Von Thunen Concentric Rings Land Use Model (developed in 1826)
Center- Isolated City
1- Market gardening and Dairy- Intensive farming
2- Forest
3- Field crops, grain-extensive farming
4. Ranching and livestock

15. Von Thunen’s Land Use Model
Def. A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.

16. Spatial Layout of Agriculture) – Rural land use Model (1826)
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
Described economic activities around city (market)
Premise of locational RENT (differs from contract rent
$ gained from sales MINUS cost of production at this location*
(land value : profit)
-production costs (Transportation costs and labor costs)
-The model assumes that farmers surrounding the market will produce crops which have the highest market value (highest rent) that will give them the maximum net profit (the location, or land, rent). The determining factor in the location rent will be the transportation costs. When transportation costs are low, the location rent will be high, and vice versa. This situation produces a rent gradient along which the location rent decreases with distance from the market, eventually reaching zero. The Thünen model also addressed the location of intensive versus extensive agriculture in relation to the same market. Intensive agriculture will possess a steep gradient and will locate closer to the market than extensive agriculture.

17. 3 Model Assumptions 1. Flat Terrain 2. Consistent Env. Conditions
3. No Transport Barriers to Market

18. RING 1 - Closest to Market (city):
Labor Intensive- Farming where a larger portion of total costs is due to labor
perishables & dairy items
Command highest prices
Need fastest transport to market

20. RING 2 –
Forest: provide fuel for burning

21. RING 3 –
Labor Extensive crops- Farming where larger portion of costs is due to capital (land, equipment, machinery)
Field Crops: Wheat & Grains
Not as perishable, can be stored, transport slower

22. Beyond This = Unprofitable
RING 4 –
Ranching & Livestock
Need Grazing Space
Beyond This = Unprofitable
Market Dist.

25. $ gained from sales MINUS cost of production at this location*
(land value : profit)
Why does land value go down as you move further from market center? Less competition for land, further away from BUYING market.

26. Von Thunen Analysis
Interplay between Market Distance, Land Use, and Transportation costs
Examine which land use yields the highest returns (PROFIT!!!)
RENT (land value) decreases w/ distance from Market

27. Pre - 3rd Agricultural Revolution
Cash Cropping, Plantations
Role of Technology in Farming
Reduction of Human labor

28. 3rd Agricultural Revolution
“Green Revolution”
Intensive Mechanization
Use of Bio-Technology
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Higher yield strains
“Frankenfoods”

30. Worldwide laws regarding GM Foods 2012

32. The Labeling Debate