1. AP Biology
Endocrine Systems

2. Signal Transduction Pathway

3. Kinases “turn on” processes Phosphotases “turn off” processes

4. Simple endocrine pathway
Basic Hormone Pattern
Pathway
Example
Low blood
glucose
Stimulus
Receptor
protein
Pancreas
secretes
glucagon ( )
Endocrine
cell
Blood
vessel
Target
effectors
Liver
Response
Glycogen
breakdown,
glucose release
into blood
Simple endocrine pathway

5. Remember the “hands” on cell membranes? (In GREEN)

6. LE 45-7 Hypothalamus Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus Axon
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
HORMONE
ADH
Oxytocin
TARGET
Kidney tubules
Mammary glands,
uterine muscles

7. Cytokines IL 1 – Macrophage to Helper T IL2 – Helper T to B or Cytotoxic T

8. Polar versus Non-polar Hormone Signal Reception
SECRETORY
CELL
SECRETORY
CELL
Hormone
molecule
Hormone
molecule
VIA
BLOOD
VIA
BLOOD
Signal receptor
TARGET
CELL
TARGET
CELL
Signal
transduction
pathway
Signal
receptor OR
Cytoplasmic
response
DNA
Signal
transduction
and response
mRNA
DNA
Nuclear
response
NUCLEUS
Synthesis of
specific proteins
NUCLEUS
Receptor in plasma membrane
Receptor in cell nucleus

9. Examples of Negative Feedback Loops
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior
pituitary
TSH
Thyroid T3 T4

10. Positive Feedback Loop

11. Tropic Hormones of the PosteriorPituitary
Hypothalamus
Neurosecretory
cells of the
hypothalamus
Axon
Posterior
pituitary
Anterior
pituitary
HORMONE
ADH
Oxytocin
TARGET
Kidney tubules
Mammary glands,
uterine muscles

12. Tropic Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
Tropic Effects Only
FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone
LH, luteinizing hormone
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone
ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Neurosecretory cells
of the hypothalamus
Nontropic Effects Only
Prolactin
MSH, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Endorphin
Portal vessels
Nontropic and Tropic Effects
Growth hormone
Hypothalamic
releasing
hormones
(red dots)
Endocrine cells of the
anterior pituitary
Pituitary hormones
(blue dots)
HORMONE
FSH and LH
TSH
ACTH
Prolactin
MSH
Endorphin
Growth hormone
TARGET
Testes or
ovaries
Thyroid
Adrenal
cortex
Mammary
glands
Melanocytes
Pain receptors
in the brain
Liver
Bones