1. CHAPTER 22 Respiration: The Exchange of Gases
Modules 22.1 – 22.4

2. Surviving in Thin Air
The air at the height of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest, is very low in oxygen
Even expert mountain climbers do not always survive the journey
Thin air can weaken muscles, damage the digestive system, cloud the mind, and sometimes fill the lungs with blood

3. Geese have adaptations that allow them to fly over the Himalayas
Their efficient lungs draw more oxygen from the atmosphere
Their hemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
They have a large number of capillaries to deliver this oxygen- rich blood to tissues and muscles

4. 1 2 3 O2 Lung CO2 Breathing Circulatory system
Transport of gases by the circulatory system
Mitochondria 3
Servicing of cells within the body tissues O2
CO2
Capillary
Cell
Figure 22.1

11. Cut
Cross section of respiratory surface (the skin covering the body)
CO2 O2
Capillaries
Figure 22.2A

12. Air sacs
Tracheae
Opening for air
Body cell
Tracheole
Air sac
Trachea
Air
Body wall
Figure 22.5A, C

13. Body surface
Respiratory surface (gill)
CO2
Capillaries O2
Figure 22.2B

14. Lungs in land vertebrates
Tracheae in insects
Lungs in land vertebrates
Body surface
Body surface
Respiratory surface (tracheae)
Respiratory surface (within lung) O2
Body cells (no capillaries)
CO2 O2
Capillary
CO2
Figure 22.2C, D

15. Figure 22.5B

16. The human respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
(Esophagus)
Left lung
Larynx
Trachea
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
(Heart)
Figure 22.6A

20. Figure 22.6C
Oxygen-rich blood
Oxygen-poor blood
Bronchiole
Alveoli
Blood capillaries
Figure 22.6B

21. Figure 22.10A

23. O2 O2 Heme group Iron atom O2 loaded in lungs O2 unloaded in tissues
Polypeptide chain
Figure 22.10B

25. TISSUE CELL
CO2 produced
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
CO2
BLOOD PLASMA WITHIN CAPILLARY
CO2
Capillary wall
CO2
H2O
RED BLOOD CELL
Hemoglobin picks up CO2 and H+
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
HCO3– + H+
Bicarbonate
HCO3–
Figure 22.11A

26. ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
H2O
Hemoglobin releases CO2 and H+
H2CO3
HCO3– + H+
HCO3–
Figure 22.11B

27. 22.8 Breathing ventilates the lungs
Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract
Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax
Air inhaled
Air exhaled
Lung
Diaphragm
INHALATION Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
EXHALATION Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
Figure 22.8A

31. Brain
Cerebrospinal fluid
BREATHING CONTROL CENTERS—stimulated by:
Pons
Medulla
CO2 increase / pH decrease in blood
Nerve signal indicating low O2 level
Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles
O2 sensor in artery
Diaphragm
Figure 22.9
Rib muscles

32. Figure 22.7A, B