1. Variation Across Cultures
Norms = An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior.
Personal space – the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.

2. The Power of Individuals
When feeling pressured many people may react by doing the opposite of what is expected.
Minority Influence – Throughout history, individuals have had a tremendous effect on groups by staying firm to beliefs
Ex. Rosa Parks and Gandhi

3. WHATS THE DIFFERENCE? Prejudice
A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group.
Example: Stereotypes like Uncle Drew
Discrimination
A negative and unjustified behavior toward an individual or their membership in a group

4. Social Relations: Prejudice
Examples
In one study, most white participants perceived a white man shoving a black man as “horsing around;” however, when they saw a black man shoving a white man, they interpreted it as “violence”
A black New Jersey dentist who drove a gold BMW was stopped more than 75 times within a year
People tend to perceive fathers as being more intelligent than mothers

5. I. Prejudice & Stereotypes
A. Stereotype
• the perceptions, beliefs & expectations we have about members of a group.
• they are schemas for an entire group
• can be positive or negative
• usually oversimplified & distorted
• we may not be aware of our stereotypes
• often leads to prejudice
Jane Elliot - Schemas are mental shortcuts that can save people time and cognitive resources. It’s a natural process that can to un-natural acts.
These schemas along with impression formation, attribution and attitudes can come together to create prejudice and stereotypes.
• The entire group shares the same characteristics. The most popular stereotypes are usually based on observable personal attributes, particularly ethnicity, gender and age.
• we may not be aware, but we will discuss that later

6. IMPRESSION FORMATION: Stereotype
To Form an impression:
Need to have a Target & a Perceiver.
Often fall back on a preconceived notion of a person or a thing.
Stereotype: Use all the time to determine behavior or course of action.
Formed in a variety of ways, & they can be positive or negative. Consequences sometimes lead us to make choices or behave inappropriately.
IMPRESSION FORMATION: Stereotype

7. Perception is subjective. People often see what they expect to see.
Stereotypes tend to be broad overgeneralizations, ignoring the diversity within social groups & fostering inaccurate perceptions of people.
Most people who subscribe to stereotypes realize that not all members of a group are identical.
Even if stereotypes mean only that people think in terms of slanted probabilities, their expectations may lead them to misperceive individuals with whom they interact.
Perception is subjective.
People often see what they expect to see.

8. Common Areas of Prejudice
Sex roles/gender
Age groups
Race/nationality
Religion
Sexual preference
Occupation
Economic class
Life style
Authority
School-related groupings schooling

9. Social Roots of Prejudice
Just-World Phenomenon – tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and observe what they get
Example: ex: “that homeless guy obviously never worked hard in his life.”

11. Emotional Roots of Prejudice
Causes of Prejudice
Emotional Roots of Prejudice
Scapegoat theory
Blaming someone else for one’s own problem
ex: “its my roommate’s fault you didn’t get the rent”
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

12. Levels of Prejudice can Change
Generation X
Generation Y
Baby Boomers
The Silent Generation
Support for interracial dating
No animation.
Notice that attitudes about interracial dating change not just over time (longitudinally) but even more by generation (cohort).
The Greatest Generation

13. Automatic Prejudice
Study: People were more likely to misperceive a tool as a gun when preceded by an African-American face, when both were presented quickly followed by blank screen or “visual mask.”
Not a gun
Click to show the face and wrench again.
Instructor: You may want to have students try, at home or on screen, an “Implicit Association Test” such as this one:

14. Social Relations Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
Forming Categories:
The Other-Race Effect
The Power of Vivid Cases:
Availability heuristic ignores statistics
Automatic animation.
“Just World” Belief:
People must deserve what they get
Fed by hindsight bias, cognitive dissonance

15. Judging Based on Vivid Cases
If we see dramatic examples of terrorism carried out by people who are Muslim, we may form a false association, when in fact:
9/11 hijackers
Automatic animation.
Since it’s getting close to the final exam, see if students can recall:
1) What is it called when vivid cases overrule statistics in our thinking?
--The Availability Heuristic.
2) What process makes us not likely to look for counterexamples to our stereotypes?
--Confirmation Bias.
The stereotype “Muslim = terrorist” sticks in some people’s minds even though the vast majority of Muslims do not fit this stereotype.

16. A Class Divided
Discuss different examples in which Mrs. Elliott established stereotypes among the children.
What are some examples of discrimination in the classroom?
What are examples of in-group and out-group bias?

17. Learning Target: I will be able to understand social and biological causes of aggression

18. Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
Research shows that aggressive behavior emerges from the interaction of biology and experience.
Genetic Influences
Neural Influences
Biochemical Influences

19. WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT MAKE US MORE PRONE TO AGGRESSION?
Biological roots
Genes influence aggression
The Amygdala Response
Frontal Lobe
Hormones (testosterone)

20. Social-Cultural Factors
Blocks in goals creates anger
Anger can trigger aggression
Blockage  Anger  Aggression
Studies have shown that MLB pitchers are more likely to hit batters when they are frustrated by player’s previous success at-bat

21. How do social scripts explain aggression?
The media portrays social scripts and generates mental tapes in the minds of the viewers. When confronted with new situations individuals may rely on such social scripts. If social scripts are violent in nature, people may act them out.