1. individual excitations of nucleons
Themes and challenges of Modern Science
Complexity out of simplicity – Microscopic
How the world, with all its apparent complexity and diversity can be constructed out of a few elementary building blocks and their interactions
Simplicity out of complexity – Macroscopic
How the world of complex systems can display such remarkable regularity and simplicity
individual excitations of nucleons
vibration rotation fission

2. The three faces of the shell model

3. Experimental single-particle energies
γ-spectrum
single-particle energies
208Pb → 209Bi
Elab = 5 MeV/u
1 h9/2
2 f7/2
1 i13/2
1609 keV
896 keV
0 keV

4. Experimental single-particle energies
γ-spectrum
208Pb → 207Pb
Elab = 5 MeV/u
single-hole energies
3 p3/2
898 keV
2 f5/2
570 keV
3 p1/2
0 keV

5. energy of shell closure:
Experimental single-particle energies
particle states
209Bi
1 i13/2
1609 keV
209Pb
2 f7/2
896 keV
1 h9/2
0 keV
energy of shell closure:
207Tl
207Pb
hole states
protons
neutrons

6. Level scheme of 210Pb 2846 keV 2202 keV 1558 keV 1423 keV 779 keV
-1304 keV (pairing energy)
M. Rejmund Z.Phys. A359 (1997), 243

7. Evolution of nuclear structure
as a funtion of nucleon number

8. 4+ 2+ 0+ Jπ E ( keV) Experimental observables in even-even nuclei 1000
400 2+ 0+ Jπ
E ( keV)

9. Systematics of the Te isotopes (Z=52) (Z = 52)
Neutron number
Val. Neutr. number

10. Systematics of the Te isotopes (Z=52) (Z = 52)6+
1.63 4+
1.69 2+
1.59 4+
1.58 2+
1.16
1.28 2+ 4+
1.20 0+
1.10 2+
0.84 2+
0.56 0+ 0+ 0+
120Te
130Te
134Te
Case of few valence nucleons: lowering of energies, development of multiplets. R4/2 → ~2-2.4

11. Electric fields of multipoles (Z = 52)
In general the electric potential due to
an arbitrary charge distribution is
expansion
multipole moments
special case: electric quadrupole matrixelement
special case: electric quadrupole potential
B(E2)-value: